Multi-level Evaluation Index System and Application of Grid-Connected Performance of Grid-Forming Energy Storage Converters

doi:10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202404129

Abstract

Abstract:

To evaluate the active support capability of grid-forming energy storage converters, a set of quantitative evaluation index system is proposed to evaluate the performance and effectiveness of the current mainstream converter control strategies. Firstly, from the perspective of voltage and frequency stability, the characteristics of power, voltage, and frequency under multi-time scales are observed. Considering the power support density and energy support density, a set of quantitative evaluation indicators system for the three-level performance of "single machine-substation-grid" is proposed. Then, based on the Matlab/Simulink simulation platform, a single-machine infinite system model of the energy storage converters based on grid-following (GFL) and grid-forming (GFM) controls is built, and the proposed single-machine side indicators are analyzed and calculated. And a large-scale power grid model in the Southern Xinjiang region is also built based on the DIgSILENT simulation platform to verify the effectiveness of the proposed field station side and grid side indicators. The research findings demonstrate from the perspective of indices that the GFM control has better support capabilities than the GFL control. The proposed evaluation index system can provide a reference for field testing of GFM energy storage system demonstration projects and selection of location and capacity for GFM energy storage stations.

Key words: energy storage converters, evaluation indicator system, multi-time scale, grid-following, grid-forming

CLC Number:

TM464

Yushan LIU, Junru CHEN, Xiqiang CHANG, Muyang LIU. Multi-level Evaluation Index System and Application of Grid-Connected Performance of Grid-Forming Energy Storage Converters[J]. Electric Power, 2025, 58(3): 193-203.

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URL: https://www.electricpower.com.cn/EN/10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202404129

https://www.electricpower.com.cn/EN/Y2025/V58/I3/193

Figures/Tables 21

References 24

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测试工况	时间/s	电压相角/(°)	频率变化率/(Hz·s^–1)	频率范围/Hz	变化波形
相角跳变测试	2~3	0~±10	0
相角跳变测试	5~6	0~±60	0
频率变化率测试	2~4	0	1
频率变化率测试	6~8	0	–1
频率适应性测试	6~7	0	0	49~50
频率适应性测试	8~9	0	0	50~51

测试工况	时间/s	电压相角/(°)	频率变化率/(Hz·s^–1)	频率范围/Hz	变化波形
相角跳变测试	2~3	0~±10	0
相角跳变测试	5~6	0~±60	0
频率变化率测试	2~4	0	1
频率变化率测试	6~8	0	–1
频率适应性测试	6~7	0	0	49~50
频率适应性测试	8~9	0	0	50~51

时间/s	电压幅值变化范围(p.u.)	变化波形
2~3	1.0~0.9
4~5	1.0~1.3
6~7	1.0~0.7

时间/s	电压幅值变化范围(p.u.)	变化波形
2~3	1.0~0.9
4~5	1.0~1.3
6~7	1.0~0.7

评价指标	计算公式	定义
功率变化率 K_RoCoP	$ {K_{{\text{RoCoP}}}} = \dfrac{{{P_{\max }} - {P_{{{{t}}_{\text{0}}}}}}}{{{T_{\text{C}}}}} $	反映场站对频率快速变化的响应能力。P_max为第一个摆动周期内有功功率最大值；${P_{{{{t}}_{\text{0}}}}} $为初始有功功率值；T_C为P_max上升时间；$t_0 $为初始时间
等效惯量因子 M	$ M = \dfrac{{ ( {{P_{{{{t}}_{\text{m}}}}} - {P_{{{{t}}_{\text{0}}}}}} )}}{{{\omega _{{{{t}}_{\text{m}}}}} - {\omega _{\text{N}}}}} $	反映场站惯量支撑能力。${P_{{{{t}}_{\text{m}}}}} $为$t_{\rm m} $时刻测得的有功功率值；${\omega_{{{{t}}_{\text{m}}}}} $为$t_{\rm m} $时刻测得的角频率值；ω_N为额定角频率；t_m取0.5 s
阻尼比 ζ	$ \zeta = \dfrac{{\displaystyle\int_{t = {t_0}}^{t = {t_0}{ { + 1}}} {\left\| {\omega - {\omega _{\text{N}}}} \right\|} {\rm{d}}t}}{{M{\omega _{\text{N}}}}} $	ω为固定时间窗口内电网频率实测值
暂态频率支撑系数 K_deltf	$ {K_{{\text{deltf }}}} = \dfrac{{\Delta {P_{\max }}/{S_{ \text{N}}}}}{{\Delta {\omega _{\max }}}} $	反映场站瞬时功率支撑能力。ΔP_max为第一个摆动周期内最大功率偏差；Δω_max为第一个摆动周期内最大频率偏差
稳态频率偏差系数 R_delt	$ {R_{{\text{deltf }}}} = \dfrac{{{\rm avg} _{{t_0}}^{{t_{\text{d}}}}\left\| {{P_{{\text{td}}}}} \right\|/{S_{ \text{N}}}}}{{{\rm avg} _{{t_0}}^{{t_{\text{d}}}}\left\| {{\omega _{{\text{td}}}}} \right\|}} $	反映场站一次调频能力。t_d为有功功率吞吐变化的第一个时间周期；${P_{{\text{td}}}} $为t_d时刻的有功功率；${\omega _{{\text{td}}}} $为t_d时刻的角频率；avg为平均值运算
能量密度 λ_P	$ {\lambda _{\text{P}}} = \dfrac{{\displaystyle\int_{{t_0}}^{{t_{\text{e}}}} {\left( {P - {P_{{{{t}}_{\text{0}}}}}} \right)} {\rm{d}}t}}{{\displaystyle\int_{{t_0}}^{{t_{\text{e}}}} {\left\| {\omega - {\omega _{\text{N}}}} \right\|} {\rm{d}}t}} $	反映场站长时-能量支撑能力。P为有功功率；t_e为机组实现二次调频时所允许的控制时间