电化学储能系统接入条件下正序故障分量方向元件适应性分析

doi:10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202503049

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

大规模电化学储能系统（battery energy storage system，BESS）送出线路发生故障时，受其低电压穿越控制（low voltage ride-through，LVRT）策略的影响，其正序故障分量阻抗特征与传统电源存在较大差异。本文基于BESS相关的技术规定，根据BESS故障前后的充放电模式将其工作模式转换方式分为3种，进一步计及BESS的LVRT控制策略，推导出不同工作模式转化方式下其正序故障分量阻抗角的表达式，从而分析了不同影响因素对BESS正序故障分量阻抗角的影响，并据此研究了正序故障分量方向元件在BESS接入场景下的适应性。最后利用Matlab/Simulink仿真平台验证了理论分析的正确性。

关键词: 电池储能系统, 控制策略, 低电压穿越, 正序故障分量方向元件, 适应性分析, 工作模式转换

Abstract:

When a fault occurs in the outgoing line of a large-scale battery energy storage system (BESS), the positive-sequence fault component impedance characteristics differ significantly from traditional power sources due to the influence of its low voltage ride-through (LVRT) control strategy. Based on BESS-related technical specifications, this paper categorizes the operational mode transition methods into three types according to BESS charging/discharging modes before and after faults. Furthermore, taking into account the LVRT control strategy of BESS, we derive expressions of the positive-sequence fault component impedance angle under different operational mode transitions, thereby analyzing the impacts of various influencing factors on the impedance angle. Accordingly, the adaptability of positive-sequence fault component directional elements in BESS-integrated scenarios is investigated. Finally, the correctness of theoretical analysis is verified using the Matlab/Simulink simulation platform.

Key words: battery energy storage, control strategy, low voltage ride-through, positive sequence fault component direction element, adaptability analysis, mode switching

陈瑞, 郑涛, 任翔, 沈文韬, 张璐, 强雨泽, 刘博, 王瑜璇. 电化学储能系统接入条件下正序故障分量方向元件适应性分析[J]. 中国电力, 2025, 58(8): 84-93, 138.

CHEN Rui, ZHENG Tao, REN Xiang, SHEN Wentao, ZHANG Lu, QIANG Yuze, LIU Bo, WANG Yuxuan. Adaptability Analysis of Positive Sequence Fault Component Direction Element Under the Condition of Electrochemical Energy Storage System[J]. Electric Power, 2025, 58(8): 84-93, 138.

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.electricpower.com.cn/CN/10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202503049

https://www.electricpower.com.cn/CN/Y2025/V58/I8/84

图/表 13

图 1 储能电站的并网拓扑及其控制策略

Fig.1 Grid-connected topology and control strategies of BESS

表 1 BESS接入公共电网的频率运行要求

Table 1 Frequency requirements for electrochemical energy storage systems connected to the p.u.blic grid

频率范围		运行要求
f ＞ 50.2 Hz		不应处于放电状态
49.5 Hz ≤ f ≤ 50.2 Hz		连续运行
f ＜ 49.5 Hz		不应处于充电状态

表 2 储能电池系统接入电网工作模式转换方式的划分

Table 2 Classification of BESS connection modes in power grid operations

工作模式转换方式	故障前工作状态	故障后频率	故障后工作状态
1	放电	f≤50 Hz	放电
2	充电	49.5≤f≤50 Hz	充电
3	充电	f≤49.5 Hz	放电

图 2 工作模式转换方式1下的正序故障分量阻抗角

Fig.2 Impedance angle of positive-sequence fault component under operating mode transition scheme 1

图 3 工作模式转换方式2下的正序故障分量阻抗角

Fig.3 Impedance angle of positive-sequence fault component under operating mode transition scheme 2

图 4 工作模式转换方式3下的正序故障分量阻抗角

Fig.4 Impedance angle of positive-sequence fault component under operating mode transition scheme 3

表 3 BESS及其接入交流电网的参数

Table 3 Parameters of BESS and its connection to AC grid

名称		参数值
额定容量/MW		25
电网额定电压/kV		220
送出线路长度/km		100
单位长度正序阻抗/(Ω·km^–1)		0.01+j0.24
变压器接线接线方式		YNd11
滤波电感/mH		5
滤波电容/μF		25
等效电阻/mΩ		0.5
功率外环k_p		1、100
电流内环k_i		1、100

图 5 工作模式转换方式1下保护测得的正序故障分量阻抗角（$ \Delta \theta = {0^ \circ } $）

Fig.5 Impedance angle of positive-sequence fault component measured by protection under operating mode transition scheme 1 ($ \Delta \theta = {0^ \circ } $)

图 6 工作模式转换方式2下保护测得的正序故障分量阻抗角（$ \Delta \theta = {0^ \circ } $）

Fig.6 Impedance angle of positive-sequence fault component measured by protection under operating mode transition scheme 2 ($ \Delta \theta = {0^ \circ } $)

图 7 工作模式转换方式3下保护测得的正序故障分量阻抗角（$ \Delta \theta = {0^ \circ } $）

Fig.7 Impedance angle of positive-sequence fault component measured by protection under operating mode transition scheme 3 ($ \Delta \theta = {0^ \circ } $)

图 8 工作模式转换方式1下保护测得的正序故障分量阻抗角（Uf=0.8 p.u.）

Fig.8 Impedance angle of positive-sequence fault component measured by protection under operating mode transition scheme 1 (Uf =0.8 p.u.)

图 9 工作模式转换方式2下保护测得的正序故障分量阻抗角（Uf=0.8 p.u.）

Fig.9 Impedance angle of positive-sequence fault component measured by protection under operating mode transition scheme 1 (Uf=0.8 p.u.)

图 10 工作模式转换方式3下保护测得的正序故障分量阻抗角（Uf=0.8 p.u.）

Fig.10 Impedance angle of positive-sequence fault component measured by protection under operating mode transition scheme 1 (Uf=0.8 p.u.)

参考文献 32

1	呼斯乐, 王渊, 于源, 等. 考虑风光不确定性与灵活性指标的园区综合能源系统最优调度[J]. 内蒙古电力技术, 2024, 42 (1): 15- 21.
	HU Sile, WANG Yuan, YU Yuan, et al. Optimal dispatching of integrated energy system in industrial parks considering wind and solar uncertainty and flexibility indicators[J]. Inner Mongolia Electric Power, 2024, 42 (1): 15- 21.
2	田刚领, 武鸿鑫, 李娟, 等. 风电场多功能储能电站功率分配策略[J]. 中国电力, 2024, 57 (9): 247- 256.
	TIAN Gangling, WU Hongxin, LI Juan, et al. Power distribution strategy of multi-functional energy storage power station in wind farm[J]. Electric Power, 2024, 57 (9): 247- 256.
3	刘振, 吴秀山, 周昭民, 等. 考虑出力平滑的风光储协同规划方法[J]. 智慧电力, 2024, 52 (9): 25- 32, 79.
	LIU Zhen, WU Xiushan, ZHOU Zhaomin, et al. Cooperative planning method for solar-wind-storage considering output smoothing[J]. Smart Power, 2024, 52 (9): 25- 32, 79.
4	展浚哲, 史泽中, 汪涛. 多元电化学储能技术综述[J]. 电力科技与环保, 2024, 40 (3): 237- 249.
	ZHAN Junzhe, SHI Zezhong, WANG Tao. Overview of multivariate electrochemical energy storage technologies[J]. Electric Power Technology and Environmental Protection, 2024, 40 (3): 237- 249.
5	赵丽颖, 张灵芝, 郑焕坤, 等. 考虑光伏和能量调度装置的电气化铁路储能运行调度[J]. 东北电力大学学报, 2024, 44 (2): 51- 57.
	ZHAO Liying, ZHANG Lingzhi, ZHENG Huankun, et al. Energy storage operation scheduling of electrified railway considering photovoltaic and energy dispatching device[J]. Journal of Northeast Electric Power University, 2024, 44 (2): 51- 57.
6	谢小荣, 马宁嘉, 刘威, 等. 新型电力系统中储能应用功能的综述与展望[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2023, 43 (1): 158- 169.
	XIE Xiaorong, MA Ningjia, LIU Wei, et al. Functions of energy storage in renewable energy dominated power systems: review and prospect[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2023, 43 (1): 158- 169.
7	刘幸蔚, 李永丽. 逆变电源T接电网后对纵差保护的影响及准入容量分析[J]. 电网技术, 2016, 40 (5): 1595- 1600.
	LIU Xingwei, LI Yongli. Effect of IIDG connected to grid as a teed line on longitudinal differential protection and maximum penetration capacity[J]. Power System Technology, 2016, 40 (5): 1595- 1600.
8	WEI W, ZHANG L M, GAO B T, et al. Frequency inconsistency in DFIG-based wind farm during outgoing transmission line faults and its effect on longitudinal differential protection[C]//The 4th Annual IEEE International Conference on Cyber Technology in Automation, Control and Intelligent. Hong Kong, China. IEEE, 2014: 25–30.
9	张家琪, 刘朋印, 谢小荣, 等. 适用于故障特性分析的锂离子电池储能电磁暂态建模方法[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2023, 47 (7): 166- 173.
	ZHANG Jiaqi, LIU Pengyin, XIE Xiaorong, et al. Electromagnetic transient modeling method of lithium-ion battery energy storage system for fault characteristic analysis[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2023, 47 (7): 166- 173.
10	李彦宾, 贾科, 毕天姝, 等. 逆变型电源对故障分量方向元件的影响机理研究[J]. 电网技术, 2017, 41 (10): 3230- 3236.
	LI Yanbin, JIA Ke, BI Tianshu, et al. Influence mechanism of inverter-interfaced renewable energy generators on fault component based directional relay[J]. Power System Technology, 2017, 41 (10): 3230- 3236.
11	贾科, 顾晨杰, 毕天姝, 等. 大型光伏电站汇集系统的故障特性及其线路保护[J]. 电工技术学报, 2017, 32 (9): 189- 198.
	JIA Ke, GU Chenjie, BI Tianshu, et al. Fault characteristics and line protection within the collection system of a large-scale photovoltaic power plant[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2017, 32 (9): 189- 198.
12	郑涛, 邹芃蓥, 王子鸣. 计及锁相环动态响应特性的光伏并网系统故障电流解析计算[J]. 电网技术, 2022, 46 (12): 4656- 4667.
	ZHENG Tao, ZOU Pengying, WANG Ziming. Fault current analysis of photovoltaic grid-connected system considering dynamic response characteristics of PLL[J]. Power System Technology, 2022, 46 (12): 4656- 4667.
13	徐涛, 徐习东. 大容量储能系统的保护策略研究[J]. 电力系统保护与控制, 2013, 41 (8): 16- 22.
	XU Tao, XU Xidong. Research on protection strategy of large-scale energy storage system[J]. Power System Protection and Control, 2013, 41 (8): 16- 22.
14	SALEH S A, RICHARD C, ST ONGE X F, et al. Comparing the performance of protection coordination and digital modular protection for grid-connected battery storage systems[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2019, 55 (3): 2440- 2454. DOI
15	国家市场监督管理总局, 国家标准化管理委员会. 电化学储能系统接入电网技术规定: GB/T 36547—2018[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2018.
16	周姝灿, 卢洵, 刘新苗, 等. 大容量锂电池储能电站的等值仿真方法[J]. 南方电网技术, 2022, 16 (4): 30- 38.
	ZHOU Shucan, LU Xun, LIU Xinmiao, et al. Equivalent simulation method for large capacity lithium battery energy storage power station[J]. Southern Power System Technology, 2022, 16 (4): 30- 38.
17	BAK Y, LEE J S, LEE K B. A low voltage ride through control strategy for energy storage systems[C]//2016 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE). Milwaukee, WI, USA. IEEE, 2016: 1-6.
18	王晨清, 宋国兵, 刘凯, 等. 突变量保护对风电接入系统的适应性分析[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2014, 34 (31): 5485- 5492.
	WANG Chenqing, SONG Guobing, LIU Kai, et al. Adaptability analysis of fault component protection of power systems with wind farms[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2014, 34 (31): 5485- 5492.
19	文明浩, 陈玉, 王玉玺, 等. 逆变型新能源场站送出线时域方向元件[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2024, 48 (16): 184- 191.
	WEN Minghao, CHEN Yu, WANG Yuxi, et al. Time-domain directional components for transmission lines of inverter-interfaced renewable energy plant[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2024, 48 (16): 184- 191.
20	刘玮, 赖清华, 刘慧媛, 等. 适用于逆变型电源接入的故障方向判别新方法[J]. 电力自动化设备, 2020, 40 (1): 205- 211.
	LIU Wei, LAI Qinghua, LIU Huiyuan, et al. Novel method of fault direction identification for inverter-interfaced power supply access[J]. Electric Power Automation Equipment, 2020, 40 (1): 205- 211.
21	罗美玲, 马英, 黄伟兵, 等. 计及电压幅值检测延时及相位跳变的IIDG故障电流解析计算[J]. 中国电力, 2024, 57 (2): 72- 81.
	LUO Meiling, MA Ying, HUANG Weibing, et al. IIDG fault current analysis and calculation considering voltage amplitude detection delay and phase jump[J]. Electric Power, 2024, 57 (2): 72- 81.
22	许冠军, 梁营玉, 查雯婷, 等. 方向元件在光伏电站送出线路中的适应性分析[J]. 电网技术, 2019, 43 (5): 1632- 1639.
	XU Guanjun, LIANG Yingyu, ZHA Wenting, et al. Adaptability analysis of directional relay for transmission line out-sending from photovoltaic power plant[J]. Power System Technology, 2019, 43 (5): 1632- 1639.
23	黄涛, 陆于平, 凌启程, 等. 适应于双馈风电场的改进故障序分量选相方法[J]. 电力自动化设备, 2016, 36 (4): 123- 128.
	HUANG Tao, LU Yuping, LING Qicheng, et al. Improved fault-sequence component phase selector applied to DFIG-based wind farm[J]. Electric Power Automation Equipment, 2016, 36 (4): 123- 128.
24	王文博, 李斌, 何佳伟, 等. MMC接入的交流侧线路故障特征及故障分量方向元件的动作特性[J]. 电力自动化设备, 2023, 43 (10): 103- 111.
	WANG Wenbo, LI Bin, HE Jiawei, et al. Fault characteristics of AC line connected to MMC and operating characteristics of fault component based directional relayings[J]. Electric Power Automation Equipment, 2023, 43 (10): 103- 111.
25	刘洋, 王聪颖, 夏德明, 等. 电网故障导致大面积风电低电压穿越对电网频率的影响分析及措施[J]. 电网技术, 2021, 45 (9): 3505- 3514.
	LIU Yang, WANG Congying, XIA Deming, et al. Influence of large area wind power low voltage ride-through on power grid frequency caused by power grid faults[J]. Power System Technology, 2021, 45 (9): 3505- 3514.
26	花赟玥, 吴琛, 黄伟, 等. 考虑风电低电压穿越过程的频率最低点量化及其提升方法[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2023, 47 (1): 126- 134.
	HUA Yunyue, WU Chen, HUANG Wei, et al. Quantification and enhancement method for frequency nadir considering low voltage ride-through process of wind power[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2023, 47 (1): 126- 134.
27	焦彦军, 梁宵, 蒋晨阳. 计及LVRT控制策略的光伏电站并网配电网故障分析方法[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2016, 40 (20): 92- 99.
	JIAO Yanjun, LIANG Xiao, JIANG Chenyang. Failure analysis method in distribution network considering LVRT control strategy of grid-connected photovoltaic station[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2016, 40 (20): 92- 99.
28	何安然, 侯凯, 王小红, 等. 不对称条件下的储能虚拟同步发电机低电压穿越控制技术[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2018, 42 (10): 122- 127, 156.
	HE Anran, HOU Kai, WANG Xiaohong, et al. A low voltage ride through control technique for energy storage virtual synchronous generator under asymmetric condition[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2018, 42 (10): 122- 127, 156.
29	张云飞, 赵晋斌, 周鸣倢, 等. 弱电网下自适应同步旋转坐标系锁相环鲁棒性分析及研究[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2020, 40 (7): 2234- 2243, 2402.
	ZHANG Yunfei, ZHAO Jinbin, ZHOU Mingjie, et al. Robustness analysis and research of adaptive synchronous-reference-frame phase-locked loop under weak grid[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2020, 40 (7): 2234- 2243, 2402.
30	徐潜, 王彤, 王增平. 计及锁相环和电流内环暂态过程的逆变型电源故障电流解析方法[J]. 电网技术, 2024, 48 (6): 2603- 2612.
	XU Qian, WANG Tong, WANG Zengping. Fault current analysis method of inverter-interfaced renewable energy sources with PLL and current inner loop transient processes[J]. Power System Technology, 2024, 48 (6): 2603- 2612.
31	霍启迪, 唐晓骏, 马世英, 等. 不对称短路故障下电池储能影响交流系统短路电流机理及算法[J]. 电力自动化设备, 2022, 42 (3): 153- 160.
	HUO Qidi, TANG Xiaojun, MA Shiying, et al. Mechanism and algorithm of short circuit current in AC system affected by BESS under asymmetric short circuit faults[J]. Electric Power Automation Equipment, 2022, 42 (3): 153- 160.
32	HE L L, SHUAI Z K, CHU X, et al. Waveform difference feature-based protection scheme for islanded microgrids[J]. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2021, 12 (3): 1939- 1952. DOI

[1]	冯小萍, 陈启迪, 赵青春, 王兴, 李斌, 谢华. 构网型储能变流器控制策略下输电线路保护适应性分析[J]. 中国电力, 2025, 58(8): 176-184.
[2]	袁松, 葛昭, 唐佳杰, 梅家葆. 基于复合序电流特征的构网型新能源外送线路纵联保护[J]. 中国电力, 2025, 58(8): 185-192.
[3]	张睿骁, 梁利, 王定美. 新能源场站快速频率响应分析与高效测试装置设计[J]. 中国电力, 2025, 58(5): 144-151.
[4]	柳丹, 江克证, 康逸群, 冀肖彤, 徐韫钰, 刘芳. 弱电网下新能源逆变器自同步电压源低电压穿越控制方法[J]. 中国电力, 2024, 57(7): 21-29.
[5]	万明元, 任鑫, 王渡, 金亚飞, 王志刚, 王廷举, 杨昌宏, 刘昊坤. 100 MW级联式S-CO₂循环动态特性研究[J]. 中国电力, 2024, 57(12): 169-177.
[6]	程诺, 陈大才, 陈雪, 阮筱菲, 韦舒清, 韩哲宇. 计及联络开关投切的有源配网电流速断保护定值优化方案[J]. 中国电力, 2024, 57(10): 90-101.
[7]	戴志辉, 柳梅元, 韦舒清, 朱卫平, 王文卓. 基于超导磁储能的光伏场站送出线路距离保护[J]. 中国电力, 2024, 57(10): 102-114.
[8]	冯宝成, 金震, 侯炜, 徐光福. 花瓣型配电网区域备自投系统控制策略优化研究及应用[J]. 中国电力, 2024, 57(1): 244-254.
[9]	卢子敬, 李子寿, 郭相国, 杨博. 基于多目标人工蜂鸟算法的电-氢混合储能系统最优配置[J]. 中国电力, 2023, 56(7): 33-42.
[10]	石文喆, 李冰洁, 尤培培, 张泠. 基于深度强化学习的建筑能源系统优化策略[J]. 中国电力, 2023, 56(6): 114-122.
[11]	梁伟, 吴林林, 赖启平, 李东晟, 徐曼, 沈沉. 风电直流送出系统送端交流故障下风机过电压研究[J]. 中国电力, 2023, 56(4): 28-37.
[12]	周文俊, 曹毅, 李杰, 金涛, 陈文剑, 周霞. 考虑风电场调控裕度的风火打捆直流外送系统无功电压紧急控制策略[J]. 中国电力, 2023, 56(4): 77-87.
[13]	陈培育, 崇志强, 李树青, 郗晓光, 李振斌, 王慧媛. 基于二级聚集式的端对端电力交易控制策略[J]. 中国电力, 2022, 55(9): 64-69.
[14]	李海涛, 刘北阳, 滕文涛, 李宽, 刘东超, 须雷. 基于可变合闸角的变压器励磁涌流抑制方法[J]. 中国电力, 2022, 55(9): 70-78.
[15]	薛飞, 李旭涛, 李宏强, 田蓓. 基于双侧电压反馈控制策略的并网光伏系统电压稳定性研究[J]. 中国电力, 2022, 55(9): 183-191,203.