弹性充电需求下电动汽车调频激励机制及控制策略

doi:10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202407004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

电力系统中新能源的高比例渗透使得频率稳定受到严重挑战。随着V2G的发展，电动汽车能够作为灵活储能资源为电力系统提供稳定的调频服务。为了使电动汽车能够为电网提供更大的调频容量，提高用户参与电网调频意愿，分析了电动汽车的行为特性、荷电状态及功率约束，对电动汽车出行链及其行驶区域交通网进行建模，提出优化电动汽车期望荷电状态约束方法，构建电动汽车弹性调频容量空间、激励机制和调频控制策略。仿真验证表明：与不考虑弹性充电需求的传统控制策略相比，考虑弹性充电需求的控制策略在为电网提供调频容量、增加用户调频收益等方面具有优势。所提出的控制策略能够为电网提供更大的调频容量，增加用户的调频收益，维持电网频率的稳定。

关键词: 电动汽车, 频率响应, 交通需求, 激励机制, 荷电状态

Abstract:

The high proportion of new energy penetration in the power system poses a serious challenge to frequency stability. With the development of vehicle to grid, electric vehicles as a flexible energy storage system can provide stable frequency regulation services for the power system. In order to enable electric vehicles to provide greater frequency regulation capacity for the power grid and increase users' willingness to participate in frequency regulation, the behavioral characteristics, state of charge, and power constraints of electric vehicles were analyzed. The travel chain and transportation network of electric vehicles were modeled, and a method for optimizing the expected SOC state constraint of electric vehicles was proposed, and the elastic frequency regulation capacity space, incentive mechanism, and frequency regulation control strategy of electric vehicles were constructed. Simulation has verified that compared with traditional control strategies that do not consider elastic charging demand, the proposed control strategy that considers elastic charging demand has advantages in providing frequency regulation capacity for the power grid and increasing user frequency regulation revenue. The proposed control strategy can provide a larger frequency regulation capacity for the power grid, increase users' frequency regulation revenue, and maintain the stability of the power grid frequency.

Key words: electric vehicle, frequency response, traffic demand, incentive mechanism, SOC

李晓涵, 曹伟. 弹性充电需求下电动汽车调频激励机制及控制策略[J]. 中国电力, 2025, 58(4): 148-158.

LI Xiaohan, CAO Wei. Frequency Regulation Incentive Mechanism and Control Strategy for Electric Vehicles Under Elastic Charging Demand[J]. Electric Power, 2025, 58(4): 148-158.

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.electricpower.com.cn/CN/10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202407004

https://www.electricpower.com.cn/CN/Y2025/V58/I4/148

图/表 15

图 1 电动汽车行驶区域分区

Fig.1 Zoning of EV driving areas

图 2 电动汽车电池弹性调频容量空间

Fig.2 Elastic frequency regulation capacity space of EV batteries

图 3 不同充电周期下阶梯电价

Fig.3 Ladder pricing under different charging cycles

图 4 电动汽车参与电网调频控制结构

Fig.4 Structure of EVs participating in grid frequency regulation control

图 5 电动汽车参与电网调频流程

Fig.5 Flow chart of EVs participating in grid frequency regulation

图 6 单区域电动汽车频率支撑模型框图

Fig.6 Block diagram of frequency support model for EVs in single area

表 1 仿真系统参数

Table 1 Simulation system parameters

参数类型	数值	参数类型	数值
调速器时间常数 T_G/s	0.2	调差系数 R_g(p.u.)	0.05
汽轮机时间常数 T_CH/s	0.3	惯性时间常数 H_g/s	5
再热时间常数 T_RH/s	7.0	阻尼系数 D(p.u.)	1.0
再热系数 F_HP(p.u.)	0.3	额定频率 f/Hz	50

图 7 区域交通网仿真

Fig.7 Regional transportation network simulation

表 2 电动汽车区域转移概率

Table 2 Probability of EV regional transfer

类型		H⇆W		H⇆B		H⇆W⇆B
数值		0.73		0.15		0.12

表 3 仿真参数

Table 3 Simulation parameters

参数类型	数值	参数类型	数值
EV电池容量/(kW·h)	30	期望SOC分布	N（0.75, 0.85）
最大充电功率/kW	6	容量补偿系数	1.02
充电效率	0.95	弹性激励系数	1.2
最大放电功率/kW	6	电价置信度	0.95
放电效率	0.95

图 8 工作区EVA功率容量分布

Fig.8 Distribution of EVA power capacity in the workspace

图 9 居住区EVA功率容量分布

Fig.9 Distribution of EVA power capacity in the residential area

图 10 调频功率调度曲线及激励价格

Fig.10 Frequency regulation power scheduling curve and incentive price

图 11 电动汽车调频收益

Fig.11 Revenue from EV frequency regulation

图 12 电网频率波动

Fig.12 Grid frequency fluctuations

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