中国电力 ›› 2025, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (4): 140-147.DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202409094
颜俊1(
), 罗宇杰2(), 颜安1, 贺伟3, 韩涛3, 杨军2()
收稿日期:2024-09-25
录用日期:2024-12-24
发布日期:2025-04-23
出版日期:2025-04-28
作者简介:基金资助:
YAN Jun1(), LUO Yujie2(), YAN An1, HE Wei3, HAN Tao3, YANG Jun2()
Received:2024-09-25
Accepted:2024-12-24
Online:2025-04-23
Published:2025-04-28
Supported by:摘要：
电动汽车的迅猛发展带来了海量潜在的需求侧电网调节资源，因此亟须对现有充电站设备进行合理规划配置以适应辅助服务需求。考虑到用户充电行为的强随机性，提出一种计及用户响应特性的电动汽车充电站优化配置方法。首先，考虑不同用户对时间和价格的异质化心理权重，基于韦伯费希纳定律计算用户满意度，进而构建用户响应特性模型；其次，基于不同类型用户响应结果，提出充电站负荷可调节边界计算方法；最后，考虑充电站参与辅助服务的收益，以综合效益最大为优化目标，构建充电站优化配置模型并求解。仿真结果表明：所提方法可以在准确刻画用户实际充电行为决策的基础上，实现充电站的最优配置，有效提高充电站包括辅助服务收益在内的综合运行效益。
颜俊, 罗宇杰, 颜安, 贺伟, 韩涛, 杨军. 计及用户响应特性的电动汽车充电站设备优化配置方法[J]. 中国电力, 2025, 58(4): 140-147.
YAN Jun, LUO Yujie, YAN An, HE Wei, HAN Tao, YANG Jun. Optimal Equipment Configuration Method for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Considering User Response Characteristics[J]. Electric Power, 2025, 58(4): 140-147.
图 1 充电站负荷可调节边界计算流程
Fig.1 Computation Flow chart for adjustable load boundary of charging stations
图 2 某充电站用户充电价格
Fig.2 Charging price of a charging station
图 3 考虑用户心理前后的充电需求
Fig.3 The charging needs before and after considering the user's psychology
图 4 可调负荷和不可调负荷
Fig.4 Adjustable load and non-adjustable load
图 5 充电站负荷上下界
Fig.5 Charging station load upper and lower boundaries
| 参数类型 | 充电桩功率/ kW | 充电桩单价/ (万元·个–1) | 充电桩维护单价/ (万元·MW–1) | 储能安全 电量上界/% | 储能安全 电量下界/% | 市场准入 功率/MW | 运行年限/年 | 税率/% | ||||||||
| 参数值 | 120 | 3 | 0.9 | 90 | 15 | 5 | 10 | 20 | ||||||||
| 参数类型 | 贴现率/% | 储能最大安装容量/(MW·h) | 放电倍率 | 储能初始 电量/% | 储能安装单价/ (万元·(MW·h)–1) | 储能维护单价/ (万元·MW–1) | 储能充电 效率/% | 充电桩充电效率/% | ||||||||
| 参数值 | 5 | 5 | 1.0 | 90 | 150 | 0.02 | 85 | 90 | ||||||||
表 1 充电站内相关设备参数
Table 1 Parameters of related equipment in the charging station
| 参数类型 | 充电桩功率/ kW | 充电桩单价/ (万元·个–1) | 充电桩维护单价/ (万元·MW–1) | 储能安全 电量上界/% | 储能安全 电量下界/% | 市场准入 功率/MW | 运行年限/年 | 税率/% | ||||||||
| 参数值 | 120 | 3 | 0.9 | 90 | 15 | 5 | 10 | 20 | ||||||||
| 参数类型 | 贴现率/% | 储能最大安装容量/(MW·h) | 放电倍率 | 储能初始 电量/% | 储能安装单价/ (万元·(MW·h)–1) | 储能维护单价/ (万元·MW–1) | 储能充电 效率/% | 充电桩充电效率/% | ||||||||
| 参数值 | 5 | 5 | 1.0 | 90 | 150 | 0.02 | 85 | 90 | ||||||||
图 6 电价参数
Fig.6 Electricity price parameters
图 7 不考虑储能和用户响应特性的购电计划
Fig.7 Power purchase plan without considering energy storage and user response characteristics
图 8 考虑用户响应特性不考虑储能的购电计划
Fig.8 Power purchase plan considering user response characteristics without energy storage
图 9 考虑储能的购电计划
Fig.9 Power purchase plans considering energy storage
图 10 考虑储能的功率平衡
Fig.10 Power balabce considering energy storage
| 场景 | 充电桩 数量/个 | 储能/ (MW·h) | 总成本/ 万元 | 总收入/ 万元 | 总收益/万元 | |||||||
| 不考虑响应特性和配置优化 | 14 | 4 520.23 | 4 756.00 | 235.77 | ||||||||
| 考虑响应特性和不考虑配置 优化 | 14 | 4 362.83 | 4 875.17 | 512.34 | ||||||||
| 考虑响应特性和配置优化 | 11 | 5 | 4 493.54 | 5 810.70 | 1 317.16 | |||||||
| 场景 | 固定成本/万元 | 储能维护成本/ 万元 | 购电成本/万元 | 辅助服务收益/ 万元 | 用户充电收益/ 万元 | 充电桩维护成本/万元 | ||||||
| 不考虑响应特性和配置优化 | 114.40 | 4 403.70 | 4 756.00 | 2.130 7 | ||||||||
| 考虑响应特性和不考虑配置 优化 | 114.40 | 4 246.30 | 247.37 | 4 627.80 | 2.130 7 | |||||||
| 考虑响应特性和配置优化 | 858.40 | 24.87 | 3 608.60 | 1 262.20 | 4 548.50 | 1.674 1 | ||||||
表 2 3种场景的对比（10年）
Table 2 The contrast of three scenarios (10 years)
| 场景 | 充电桩 数量/个 | 储能/ (MW·h) | 总成本/ 万元 | 总收入/ 万元 | 总收益/万元 | |||||||
| 不考虑响应特性和配置优化 | 14 | 4 520.23 | 4 756.00 | 235.77 | ||||||||
| 考虑响应特性和不考虑配置 优化 | 14 | 4 362.83 | 4 875.17 | 512.34 | ||||||||
| 考虑响应特性和配置优化 | 11 | 5 | 4 493.54 | 5 810.70 | 1 317.16 | |||||||
| 场景 | 固定成本/万元 | 储能维护成本/ 万元 | 购电成本/万元 | 辅助服务收益/ 万元 | 用户充电收益/ 万元 | 充电桩维护成本/万元 | ||||||
| 不考虑响应特性和配置优化 | 114.40 | 4 403.70 | 4 756.00 | 2.130 7 | ||||||||
| 考虑响应特性和不考虑配置 优化 | 114.40 | 4 246.30 | 247.37 | 4 627.80 | 2.130 7 | |||||||
| 考虑响应特性和配置优化 | 858.40 | 24.87 | 3 608.60 | 1 262.20 | 4 548.50 | 1.674 1 | ||||||
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