电力市场环境下分布式能源系统的多元运行模式与灵活性影响分析

doi:10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202501049

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

需求侧协同能力提升是加快构建新型电力系统的关键举措之一。与传统资源不同的是，分布式资源的灵活性受限于用户有限理性及零售市场的价值传导机制，深入挖掘分布式能源系统与电网的互动模式及灵活性影响机理成为关键议题。为此，立足用户视角，首先梳理了分布式资源与电力系统的典型互动模式，剖析了用户不同行为模式的选择逻辑。然后分析了现行市场机制下资源用户可参与的市场交易模式及其对用户行为的影响机理，发现现货价格信号的直接传导将最大程度地激励资源用户的策略性行为，但用户的有限理性决策也会带来市场运营风险。为缓解这一影响，进一步提出了资源用户参与现货市场的分电量申报机制。最后基于中国某省的市场价格信号真实数据，论证了该分析方法及改进机制的合理性。

关键词: 分布式能源, 运行模式, 灵活性, 分时电价, 电力现货市场

Abstract:

Improving demand side collaboration capability is one of the key measures to accelerate the construction of new power systems. Unlike traditional resources, the flexibility of distributed resources is limited by the bounded rationality of users and the value transmission mechanism of the retail market. Exploring the interaction modes and flexibility impact mechanism between distributed energy systems and power grids has become a key issue. To this end, based on the user's perspective, we firstly sorted out the typical interaction modes between distributed resources and power systems, and analyzed the selection logic of users' different behavior patterns. Secondly, we analyzed the market transaction models available to resource users under current market mechanisms and their impact mechanism on users' behaviors. It was found that the direct transmission of spot price signals will maximally incentivize strategic behaviors among resource users, while their bounded rationality in decision-making simultaneously introduces operational risks to market stability. To mitigate these compounded effects, we proposed a split electricity volume bidding mechanism for resource users participating in spot markets. Finally, based on the real data of market price signals in a province in China, the rationality of the proposed method and the improved mechanism was demonstrated.

Key words: distributed energy resource, operation mode, flexibility, time-of-use price, electricity spot market

宋卓然, 张燕妮, 王阳, 蒋海玮, 李嘉宇, 高洪超. 电力市场环境下分布式能源系统的多元运行模式与灵活性影响分析[J]. 中国电力, 2025, 58(11): 111-121.

SONG Zhuoran, ZHANG Yanni, WANG Yang, JIANG Haiwei, LI Jiayu, GAO Hongchao. Impacts of Diverse Operational Modes and Flexibility of Distributed Energy Systems within Electricity Market[J]. Electric Power, 2025, 58(11): 111-121.

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链接本文: https://www.electricpower.com.cn/CN/10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202501049

https://www.electricpower.com.cn/CN/Y2025/V58/I11/111

图/表 10

图 1 DER典型运行模式示意

Fig.1 Schematic of typical DER operational modes

图 2 逻辑判断视角下DER用户的行为模式选择过程

Fig.2 The selection process of DER users' behavior pattern from the perspective of logical judgment

图 3 DER用户参与市场化交易的典型方式与市场类型

Fig.3 Typical modes and market types of DER users participating in market-oriented transactions

表 1 DER用户参与市场化交易的典型模式及特点总结

Table 1 Summary of typical models and characteristics of DER users participating in market-oriented transactions

市场化交易方式	分时电价	电力套餐	现货交易
主要参与市场类型（以交易规模分类）	零售市场	零售市场	零售市场/ 批发市场
主要参与市场类型（以交易周期分类）	/	现货市场	现货市场
用户参与方式	直接参与	与售电公司签订合约	直接参与/与聚合商签订合约
价格信号形成机制	政府定价	依据签订合约内容确定	依据市场供需关系形成
价格信号变化周期	季度或更长	周或更长	5 min或更长
用户提升收益方法	在高电价时售卖更多电量	选择合适的套餐类型	依据市场供需关系及时调整策略

图 4 中国某省份市场价格信号数据

Fig.4 Market price signal data of a province in China

图 5 不同市场价格信号下DER用户市场化电量交易结果

Fig.5 Market-oriented electricity trading results of DER users under different market price signals

图 6 不同类型用户的电力供需参数

Fig.6 Typical load curves for different types of users

图 7 用户分电量参与现货交易的经济效益对比

Fig.7 Economic comparison of users participating in spot market transactions based on split electricity volumes

图 8 用户分电量参与现货交易的购售电行为对比

Fig.8 Comparison of electricity purchasing and selling behaviors of users participating in spot market transactions based on split electricity volumes

图 9 用户分电量参与现货交易的储能充放电行为对比

Fig.9 Comparison of energy storage charging and discharging behaviors for users participating in spot market transactions based on split electricity volumes

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