中国煤电机组改造升级效果分析与展望

doi:10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202402031

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

煤电改造升级是提升煤电机组清洁高效灵活性水平、适应煤电向基础保障性和系统调节性电源并重转型的重要手段之一。通过分析中国煤电机组改造升级现状、改造效果，探讨了改造升级过程中存在的主要问题，并提出了促进煤电改造升级的措施方式，对煤电改造升级工作进行了展望。研究发现：煤电的节能降碳改造中，改造机组在额定工况下的供电煤耗平均可降低约5 g/(kW·h)；煤电的灵活性改造中，改造机组最小出力由改造前的约42%额定负荷降低至约额定负荷的29%；煤电的供热改造中，改造机组的供热量可增加约56%。煤电改造过程中存在负荷率与供电煤耗、投入与收益、技术选择、可靠性等多方面协同问题，从运行、技术、政策等角度提出了推动煤电改造升级的措施建议，为煤电改造升级的有序推动提供参考。

关键词: 节能降碳, 灵活性改造, 供热改造, 三改联动

Abstract:

The upgrading and transformation of coal-fired power plants serve as a pivotal means to enhance the cleanliness, efficiency, and flexibility of coal-fired power units, as well as to adapt to the shift towards a dual emphasis on foundational security and system regulation in coal-fired power generation. By analyzing the current status and effectiveness of coal-fired power unit upgrades in China, this study explores the major issues encountered during the upgrading process and proposes measures to promote such upgrades. It also offers a prospective view on the development of coal-fired power plant transformation. The research reveals that the energy-saving and carbon-reduction modifications in coal-fired power plants can reduce the average coal consumption for power supply under rated conditions by approximately 5 g/(kW·h). The flexibility enhancements enable the minimum output load of modified units to decrease from roughly 42% of the rated load to approximately 29% of the rated load. Additionally, the heating modifications increase the heat supply of modified units by approximately 56%. However, the upgrading process faces challenges such as the coordination of load rate and coal consumption for power supply, investment and returns, technology selection, and reliability. To address these issues, this study puts forward recommendations from the perspectives of operation, technology, and policy, providing valuable references for the orderly promotion of coal-fired power plant upgrades.

Key words: energy conservation and carbon reduction, flexibility transformation, heating renovation, three-renovation

刘志强, 李建锋, 潘荔, 王志轩. 中国煤电机组改造升级效果分析与展望[J]. 中国电力, 2024, 57(7): 1-11.

Zhiqiang LIU, Jianfeng LI, Li PAN, Zhixuan WANG. Analysis and Prospect of Transformation and Upgrading Effects of Coal-fired Power Units in China[J]. Electric Power, 2024, 57(7): 1-11.

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.electricpower.com.cn/CN/10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202402031

https://www.electricpower.com.cn/CN/Y2024/V57/I7/1

图/表 14

图 1 不同时间阶段煤电改造要求及主要工作内容

Fig.1 Requirements and main work contents of coal power transformation in different time stages

图 2 “十三五”期间煤电超低排放与节能改造完成情况

Fig.2 Completion of ultra-low emissions and energy-saving transformation of coal-fired power during the 13 th Five Year Plan period

表 1 节能减碳改造认定标准

Table 1 Identification standards for energy saving and carbon reduction transformation

机组类型		节能减碳改造认定标准/ (g·(kW·h)^–1)
常规机组	超超临界100万kW	≤285
	超超临界60万kW	≤293
	超临界60万kW	≤300
	超临界30万kW	≤300
	亚临界60万kW	≤302
	亚临界30万kW	≤311
	亚临界30万kW以下	≤311
空冷机组		常规+15
火焰炉机组		常规+9
循环流化床锅炉机组	湿冷机组	常规+15
循环流化床锅炉机组	空冷机组	常规+25

图 3 全国煤电改造升级完成情况

Fig.3 The completion of all coal power transformation

图 4 节能降碳改造效果

Fig.4 Energy saving and carbon reduction transformation effect

图 5 主要灵活性改造技术统计

Fig.5 Statistics of main flexibility transformation technologies

图 6 机组灵活性改造效果

Fig.6 Effect of unit flexibility transformation

表 2 不同供暖技术路线及其特征

Table 2 Different heating technology routes and their characteristics

供热技术		具体路线	相对供热能力	对汽机内效率影响	可靠性
抽汽		缸体打孔（连通管打孔）供暖	低	影响较大	高
热泵技术	吸收式	缸体打孔，耦合吸收式热泵从循环水或乏汽中提取热量供暖	较高	影响较大	较高
	压缩式	电压缩式热泵从乏汽（循环水）或环境中提取热量供暖	高	无影响	较高
	引射式	缸体打孔，耦合引射器引射乏汽供暖	较高	影响较大	较高
高背压或光轴		拆除末几级转子叶片	高	无影响	高
低压缸零出力		旁路切除低压缸	高	有影响	较高

图 7 供热改造项目效果统计

Fig.7 Statistical chart of heating transformation project effects

图 8 煤耗负荷系数与机组负荷率之间的关系

Fig.8 Relationship between coal consumption load factor and unit load rate

图 9 部分机组通流改造运行效果

Fig.9 Operation effect of flow passage transformation for unit

图 10 通流改造与灵活性改造后机组运行煤耗变化

Fig.10 Changes in coal consumption during unit operation after flow modification and flexibility modification

图 11 改造升级项目投资回收期统计

Fig.11 Statistics of investment payback period for three reform linkage projects

图 12 过热器超温爆管

Fig.12 Superheater overheating tube explosion

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