灵活性调节煤电机组成本疏导的三部制电价机制分析

doi:10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202405001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为应对新能源高比例接入引发的电网安全稳定运行风险及电力平衡难题，促进新能源有效消纳，缓解负荷峰谷矛盾，提出一种基于煤电机组功能定位的三部制电价机制。首先，分析新型电力系统下煤电机组提供的基础电力保障、新能源消纳、辅助服务三大功能；然后，分析煤电机组成本构成；其次，依据煤电机组提供的电能价值、调节价值和容量价值构建三部制电价机制，按照不同路径进行成本疏导；最后，对煤电机组的成本疏导进行不同容量补贴比例与辅助服务价格的敏感性分析。结果显示，在煤价675元/t的基准上，煤价上涨30%情景下无容量补贴、30%补贴、50%补贴时煤电总度电成本分别为42.085分/(kW·h)、39.729分/(kW·h)、38.156分/(kW·h)，相较于原煤价分别上涨20.9%、22.4%、23.6%。所提出的三部制电价机制可调动机组调峰积极性，保障机组备用容量充裕度，激励机组参与系统调频服务，充分激发煤电在电力市场中的活力。

关键词: 灵活性调节, 煤电机组, 成本疏导, 辅助服务市场

Abstract:

To address the risks to the safe and stable operation of the power grid and the challenges in power balance caused by the high penetration of renewable energy, while promoting the effective consumption of renewable energy and alleviating the peak-valley load disparity, this paper proposed a three-part tariff mechanism based on the functional positioning of coal-fired power units. Firstly, we analyzed the three functions provided by the coal-fired power units under the new power systems, including basic power security, consumption of renewable energy and auxiliary service. Secondly, the cost composition of coal power units was analyzed. Thirdly, a three-part tariff mechanism was constructed based on the values provided by the coal-fired power units, including power value, regulation value and capacity value, and cost pass-through was carried out via diversified routes. Finally, a sensitivity analysis of the cost pass-through of coal-fired power units was conducted under different capacity subsidy ratios and auxiliary service prices. The results show that based on a benchmark coal price of 675 yuan/ton, under the scenario of a 30% coal price increase, the total per-kilowatt-hour costs for coal power would be 42.09 cents/(kW·h), 39.73 cents/(kW·h), and 38.16 cents/(kW·h) respectively when implementing no capacity subsidy, 30% subsidy, and 50% subsidy. Compared with the original coal price scenario, these represent increases of 20.9%, 22.4%, and 23.6% respectively. The proposed three-part tariff mechanism can stimulate the initiative of power units in peak shaving, ensure the power units to provide sufficient standby capacity, and incentivize the power units to participate in the system FM service, thus fully stimulating the vitality of the coal power in the power market.

Key words: flexibility regulation, coal fired power units, cost pass-through, auxiliary service market

汪悦萍, 谭青博, 赵洱岽, 谭忠富, 吴学辉. 灵活性调节煤电机组成本疏导的三部制电价机制分析[J]. 中国电力, 2025, 58(7): 217-226.

WANG Yueping, TAN Qingbo, ZHAO Erdong, TAN Zhongfu, WU Xuehui. Analysis of Three-Part Tariff Mechanism for Cost Pass-Through of Flexibility-Regulated Coal Power Units[J]. Electric Power, 2025, 58(7): 217-226.

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链接本文: https://www.electricpower.com.cn/CN/10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202405001

https://www.electricpower.com.cn/CN/Y2025/V58/I7/217

图/表 7

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辅助服务类型	固定成本（增加的设备投资）	变动成本		机会成本
辅助服务类型	固定成本（增加的设备投资）	增加的运行成本	增加的维护成本	机会成本
调频、旋转备用	自动发电控制装置；其他保护、通信和测量装置	增加发电量部分燃料成本；机组频繁调节、运行效率下降而增加的燃料成本	连接部件的磨损在频繁变化工况下加快，导致维护费用的增加和机组寿命的减少	保留部分发电容量而可能减少的发电收入或造成的电量亏损
无功与电压控制	有功和无功同时生产而增加的机组和变压器容量的投资；自动电压调节装置	超过一定功率因数运行时增加的燃料成本	设备因超过一定功率因数运行发热造成的磨损和寿命缩短	超过一定功率因数运行时，因增发无功而损失的有功收入，或为提供无功而造成的有功亏损
黑启动	黑启动电源、通信、控制装置成本	系统瘫痪时机组启动并逐步使系统恢复发生的运行成本，包括燃料费和人工费	定期培训和测试产生的维护成本
调峰	不需要额外增加发电容量，但是存在灵活性改造费用	深度调峰时会偏离经济运行点产生的不经济燃料消耗（煤耗增加或需要投油），启停调峰需付出的机组启停成本	机组磨损导致的维护费用	提供调峰服务而减少的发电收入或造成的电量亏损

辅助服务类型	固定成本（增加的设备投资）	变动成本		机会成本
辅助服务类型	固定成本（增加的设备投资）	增加的运行成本	增加的维护成本	机会成本
调频、旋转备用	自动发电控制装置；其他保护、通信和测量装置	增加发电量部分燃料成本；机组频繁调节、运行效率下降而增加的燃料成本	连接部件的磨损在频繁变化工况下加快，导致维护费用的增加和机组寿命的减少	保留部分发电容量而可能减少的发电收入或造成的电量亏损
无功与电压控制	有功和无功同时生产而增加的机组和变压器容量的投资；自动电压调节装置	超过一定功率因数运行时增加的燃料成本	设备因超过一定功率因数运行发热造成的磨损和寿命缩短	超过一定功率因数运行时，因增发无功而损失的有功收入，或为提供无功而造成的有功亏损
黑启动	黑启动电源、通信、控制装置成本	系统瘫痪时机组启动并逐步使系统恢复发生的运行成本，包括燃料费和人工费	定期培训和测试产生的维护成本
调峰	不需要额外增加发电容量，但是存在灵活性改造费用	深度调峰时会偏离经济运行点产生的不经济燃料消耗（煤耗增加或需要投油），启停调峰需付出的机组启停成本	机组磨损导致的维护费用	提供调峰服务而减少的发电收入或造成的电量亏损

煤价/ (元·t^–1)	容量补贴情况	度电固定成本	度电燃料成本	增值税	环境加价	总度电成本
675.0	无容量补贴	6.949	21.465	3.694	2.7	34.808
	30%补贴	4.864	21.465	3.423	2.7	32.452
	50%补贴	3.475	21.465	3.242	2.7	30.882
877.5	无容量补贴	6.949	27.905	4.531	2.7	42.085
	30%补贴	4.864	27.905	4.260	2.7	39.729
	50%补贴	3.475	27.905	4.079	2.7	38.156

煤价/ (元·t^–1)	容量补贴情况	度电固定成本	度电燃料成本	增值税	环境加价	总度电成本
675.0	无容量补贴	6.949	21.465	3.694	2.7	34.808
	30%补贴	4.864	21.465	3.423	2.7	32.452
	50%补贴	3.475	21.465	3.242	2.7	30.882
877.5	无容量补贴	6.949	27.905	4.531	2.7	42.085
	30%补贴	4.864	27.905	4.260	2.7	39.729
	50%补贴	3.475	27.905	4.079	2.7	38.156

情景	调频里程价格/ (元·MW^–1)	调频容量价格/ (元·(MW·h)^–1)	备用价格/ (元·(MW·h)^–1)
①	6	3.56	10
②	10	3.56	10
③	10	3.56	15
④	10	3.56	15