德国虚拟电厂发展现状经验分析及启示

doi:10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202408065

中国电力 ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (1): 1-9.DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202408065

• 考虑分布式虚拟储能聚合的综合能源系统规划、运行和交易的关键技术 • 上一篇下一篇

德国虚拟电厂发展现状经验分析及启示

吴潇雨(), 曹雨晨(), 孟鹤立(), 刘林

国网能源研究院有限公司，北京　102209

收稿日期:2024-08-20 修回日期:2025-11-17 发布日期:2026-01-13 出版日期:2026-01-28
作者简介:
吴潇雨（1991），男，通信作者，博士，高级工程师，从事虚拟电厂政策与机制、综合能源系统规划运行等研究，E-mail：wuxiaoyu@sgeri.sgcc.com
曹雨晨（1992），男，博士，工程师，从事虚拟电厂政策与机制、电氢协同机制模式等研究，E-mail：584612802@qq.com
孟鹤立（1993），男，博士，工程师，从事虚拟电厂政策与机制、电力电子设备等研究。E-mail：mengheli@sgeri.sgcc.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金资助项目（非常规事件下城市区域配电网-供气网-供热网耦合系统协同安全运行方法，52307088）；中国分布式可再生能源应用推广项目（促进分布式发电资源与虚拟电厂优化匹配的机制模式与支持政策研究，A1-CS-2023-004）。

Analysis of the development experience of virtual power plants in Germany and its implications

WU Xiaoyu(), CAO Yuchen(), MENG Heli(), LIU Lin

State Grid Energy Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102209, China

Received:2024-08-20 Revised:2025-11-17 Online:2026-01-13 Published:2026-01-28
Supported by:
This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Collaborative Safe Operation Method of Urban Regional Distribution Network Gas Supply Network Heating Network Coupling System Under Unconventional Events, No.52307088), China Distributed Renewable Energy Application Promotion Project (Research on Mechanism Models and Supporting Policies for Promoting the Optimal Matching of Distributed Power Generation Resources and Virtual Power Plants, No.A1-CS-2023-004).

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着新能源占比的快速提升，电力系统面临负荷低谷时段新能源消纳难、尖峰负荷时段电力保供难的困境，虚拟电厂作为需求侧资源开发利用的新兴手段备受关注。德国虚拟电厂已商业化运营多年，为借鉴其先进经验，分析了德国虚拟电厂发展背景、发展历程、建设运营主体以及主要盈利模式等基本情况。在此基础上，研究了德国在法律规范保障、市场机制、电价政策等方面对虚拟电厂发展的促进作用。通过对比中德两国的现状并总结经验，提出了中国虚拟电厂发展的相关启示与建议。

关键词: 虚拟电厂, 德国, 发展经验, 启示与建议

Abstract:

With the rapid increase in new energy penetration, the power system faces difficulties in integrating new energy during off-peak load periods and challenges in ensuring power supply during peak load periods. As an emerging means for developing and utilizing demand-side resources, virtual power plants (VPPs) have attracted significant attention. German's VPPs have been in commercial operation for many years. In order to learn from its advanced experience, this paper analyzes the basic situation of Germany's VPPs development, including its background, development history, construction and operation entities, and main profit models; On this basis, the paper investigates the promoting effects of Germany's legal norms, market mechanisms, and electricity pricing policies. By comparing the current situation of China and Germany and summarizing the experience, relevant implications and suggestions for the development of VPPs in China are put forward.

Key words: virtual power plant, Germany, development experience, implication and suggestions

吴潇雨, 曹雨晨, 孟鹤立, 刘林. 德国虚拟电厂发展现状经验分析及启示[J]. 中国电力, 2026, 59(1): 1-9.

WU Xiaoyu, CAO Yuchen, MENG Heli, LIU Lin. Analysis of the development experience of virtual power plants in Germany and its implications[J]. Electric Power, 2026, 59(1): 1-9.

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链接本文: https://www.electricpower.com.cn/CN/10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202408065

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图/表 7

图 1 2030年中国新能源装机预测

Fig.1 Prediction of new energy installation in China by 2030

图 2 2030年中国发电量预测

Fig.2 Prediction of power generation in China by 2030

图 3 德国虚拟电厂发展历程大事件

Fig.3 Timeline of major events in the development of VPPs in Germany

表 1 虚拟电厂典型运营主体类型及特点

Table 1 Typical types of operating entities of VPPs and their characteristics

典型模式	企业名称	资源组合	规模/ 万kW	主要业务
独立运营商	Next Kraftwerke	发电侧、需求侧、储能	1061	资源运行优化、平衡服务、可中断负荷响应、售电
独立运营商	GETEC Energie	发电侧、需求侧	300	资源运行优化、平衡服务、可中断负荷响应、售电
电力公司运营商	MVV Energie	发电侧、需求侧	50	资源运行优化、平衡服务、可中断负荷响应、售电
电力公司运营商	BayWa.re	发电侧	200	资源运行优化、平衡服务、售电
设备制造类运营商	Sonnen	发电侧、储能	25	资源运行优化、平衡服务、需求响应

图 4 德国平衡机制运行/结算流程示意

Fig.4 Operation/settlement process of German electricity balance mechanism

图 5 虚拟电厂与其关联利益主体的交互关系

Fig.5 The interactive relationship between VPPs and their related stakeholders

图 6 平衡基团与虚拟电厂的关系示意

Fig.6 The relationship between balancing groups and VPPs

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德国虚拟电厂发展现状经验分析及启示

Analysis of the development experience of virtual power plants in Germany and its implications

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德国虚拟电厂发展现状经验分析及启示

Analysis of the development experience of virtual power plants in Germany and its implications

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