Table of Content

05 January 2020, Volume 53 Issue 1

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New Energy Development and Issues in China during the 14th Five-Year Plan

HUANG Bibin, ZHANG Yunzhou, WANG Caixia

2020, 53(1):  1-9.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.201911140

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New energy power generation is about to enter the era of grid parity. In the near and medium term, it will still develop rapidly. Its proportion in the total installed capacity of the whole power grid will continue to increase. With its position in the power system gradually changing, the development of new energy power generation should be considered in the development framework of the whole energy and power industry. Based on the trend of new energy generation cost and the power system operation cost caused by it, the grid parity and utilization parity in the future are analyzed in this paper. The new energy development in China during the 14th five-year plan and four key issues are studied. Finally, policy recommendations for realizing the coordinated development of high proportion new energy and power system are put forward.

A Review of Analysis and Control of Cyber Physical Distribution System

LI Xiao, LI Manli, NI Ming

2020, 53(1):  11-21.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.201912094

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With the widespread application of advanced information and communication technologies in distribution networks, the distribution networks have become increasingly stronger in terms of integration between the cyber side and physical side, and have had the typical characteristics of cyber physical system. This paper analyzes the research status of the cyber physical distribution system (CPDS) from the perspective of analysis and self-healing control. In terms of analysis, it summarizes and analyzes the reliability assessment and risk assessment of CPDS, respectively. In terms of CPDS self-healing control, a review is made of the traditional physical-side self-healing control and the cyber-physical collaboration. The progress and deficiencies of existing research are analyzed. Finally, the future research directions of CPDS are predicted from four perspectives, including the CPDS architecture under the background of ubiquitous power internet of things, the CPDS security analysis considering distributed generator, the self-healing mechanism of the CPDS hybrid communication network, and the CPDS self-healing control system.

Transient Stability Prediction of Power Systems Based on Deep Residual Network and Data Augmentation

ZHOU Yanzhen, ZHA Xianyu, LAN Jian, GUO Qinglai, SUN Hongbin, XUE Feng, WANG Shengming

2020, 53(1):  22-31.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.201912113

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In traditional data-driven power system transient stability assessment methods, the impact of noise in the collected data and the information missing problems are rarely considered for the transient stability prediction. To deal with these problems, this paper presents a method for transient stability prediction based on data augmentation and deep residual network (ResNet). Firstly, the original training data is extended with consideration of the noise data and data-missing conditions. Then, the real-time data of the disturbed generator is used as input features. Considering the similarity between high-dimensional time series data and images, the deep residual network, which is an improved algorithm based on convolutional neural networks, is used to build transient stability assessment model. The case studies show that the proposed method can improve the generalization ability of the model, and has better robustness in dealing with noise data or data missing problems.

Risk Assessment and Prevention of Extreme Events in Power Systems

DING Maosheng, SUN Weijia, CAI Xingpu, WANG Qi

2020, 53(1):  32-39,65.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.201912030

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Aimed at ordinary risk, the traditional risk assessment method cannot reflect the destructive effects of extreme events on power systems. Based on the theory of value-at-risk in financial field, a method is proposed to evaluate and quantify the extreme risk of power systems as a complement to traditional risk assessment method. The extreme value risk assessment method is used to analyze the effects of extreme events on power system stability, which can reflect the serious consequences on the power system stability caused by extreme events with low probabilities. Based on the extreme risk assessment of the cyber-attack events and extreme disaster events of power systems, the proposed method has been proved feasible through comparison of the results of the traditional risk assessment method and the extreme value risk assessment method. Meanwhile, based on the vulnerability and anti-vulnerability of power systems, it's concluded that the key to prevent extreme risk is to coordinate the ordinary risk and extreme risk.

Security Evaluation of Distribution Network CPS Considering Cyber-Physical Combinations for Anticipated Fault Screening

ZHOU Xia, YANG Zhou, NI Ming, BU Chengjie, LIN Husheng, LI Manli

2020, 53(1):  40-48.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.201911139

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With the rapid development of ICT technology and automation control technology, the distribution network has gradually advanced into a distribution network cyber-physical system (distribution network CPS) with highly coupling of cyber system and physical system. While supporting the stable operation of the physical system, the cyber system brings certain security risks to the distribution network CPS. Therefore, the cyber impact should be considered in assessment of the unitary physical anticipated faults. This paper proposes a security analysis and evaluation method for distribution network CPS considering cyber-physical combination anticipated fault screening. Firstly, based on the CPS structure of the distribution network, a distribution network CPS correlative matrix model is established, which can reflect the power-cyber coupling characteristics. Then the correlation between cyber fault and physical fault is analyzed, and an initial cyber-physical anticipated faults set is constructed according to topological correlation and business correlation. And then the key cyber-physical anticipated fault is selected according to the sorting of fault recovery rate. Finally, the security evaluation is carried out for the selected faults, using the distribution network CPS security evaluation indicators. The case study has verified the rationality and validity of the proposed method.

A Resource Allocation Strategy for Power Grid Disaster Prevention Considering the Attack and Defense Sequence of Disaster Events

ZHAO Yanjun, LIANG Kunjie, LONG Fei, TANG Jingxing, WANG Hongtao

2020, 53(1):  49-55.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.201912016

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In the typhoon-prone areas in southern China, the allocation of disaster prevention resources such as windproof reinforcement of power grid, is one of the key issues in the security defense of large power grid. The dynamic game model of defender-attacker-defender (D-A-D) is usually established to solve the problem. However, the existing D-A-D model does not consider the dynamic process of attacker's attack order and operation mode adjustment. A multi-stage dynamic game model is thus proposed with consideration of the dynamic process of attacker's attack order and dynamic process of power flow adjustment, and is transformed into an improved D-A-D model that can be solved by the column and constraint generation algorithm to obtain the optimal allocation of defense resources. The simulation results of the proposed model and algorithm on the IEEE39 node system show that the proposed model is more in line with the actual situation of power grid and the algorithm is more efficient.

Space-Time-Intensity Online Early-Warning of Transmission Tower Faults by Caused Rainfall-Induced Landslides

TANG Yi, XU Xiangxiang, CHEN Bin, YI Tao

2020, 53(1):  56-65.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.201912083

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The environment around transmission lines in mountainous and hilly areas is complicated, and rainfall-induced landslide may cause transmission towers fault, which will influence the safe and stable operation of power systems. An early-warning method is proposed for transmission tower faults caused by rainfall-induced landslide disaster, which can achieve the quantitative online early-warning of the entire disaster process from such three aspects as landslide risk area, landslide activity time and damage condition of transmission tower. Firstly, the GIS technology is used to obtain the target risky area through overlaying the rainfall forecast area and power grid area, and the landslide-prone area is determined with grid-based landslide disaster index. Secondly, the daily variation of rainfall infiltrating into the soil is analyzed with combination of meteorological data, and a dynamic updating cumulative effective rainfall model is established, and then a landslide probability model is presented, which can predict landslide activity time. Finally, by taking the impact force of landslide as disaster-causing intensity and the bending deformation energy corresponding to the tower's limit deflection as anti-disaster performance, a quantitative function relationship is obtained, which can reflect the damage degree of transmission towers from work-energy aspect. Case study result has proved the feasibility and rationality of the proposed method.

An Emergency Monitoring System for Power Cable Tunnels Based on Mobile Wireless Sensor Network

XU Xinqian, XU Lai, CHEN Jie, LIU Yang, ZHANG Chaopeng, HE Jiahong, GAO Bingtuan

2020, 53(1):  66-71,99.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.201911138

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To meet the environmental monitoring requirements of power cable tunnels for emergency cases such as communication network being missed, broken-down, or attacked, a low-cost mobile wireless senor network monitoring system was developed based on WiFi and ultra-wide band (UWB) communication. The system consists of a monitoring host and a wireless monitoring network based on spherical robot mobile nodes. The mobile node employs STM32 series single-chip microcomputer as the main control chip, integrated with a camera module and a temperature humidity module to collect local information, integrated with WiFi communication module to form wireless sensor network using the ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing (AODV) protocol for transmitting the collected information, and integrated with 3 UWB communication modules to measure distances between nodes and to track the platoon. The experimental results demonstrate that the developed system can stably monitor the environment of power cable channel in real time, with a tracking error of no more than 20 cm for mobile sensing platoon and an average time delay of no more than 150 ms for video transmission.

Safety Prejudging Method for Power Transformer Based on Multi-Prediction Model Fusion

LI Dianyang, ZHANG Yujie, WANG Shanyuan, FENG Jian, WANG Hongzhe, QIN Ling

2020, 53(1):  72-80.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.201907172

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Fault diagnosis and pre-judgment of power grid equipment is an important guarantee for safe operation of power grids. There are many related factors for grid equipment faults. The conventional analytical measures have not considered integrating multi-source heterogeneous data into grid equipment fault cause analysis, and the small sample-based unitary algorithm cannot well deal with diagnosis of multi-type fault equipment. A unified and standardized method is presented in this paper for relevant data of different types of power grid equipment. To avoid the artificial experience interference of such fault cause analysis methods as the analytic hierarchy process and Greenland verification, the Chi-Square distribution algorithm is used to select the specific-type fault cause set through mining data correlation. A new multi-algorithm fusion decision method is proposed to avoid the drawback of unitary algorithm decision. It is verified through case study that the proposed fuse algorithm is better than the unitary algorithm in simpleness and pre-judgment accuracy.

Type and Verification of Network Attacks on Embedded Terminals of Intelligent Substation

HE Jindong, WANG Yu, ZHAO Zhichao, LI June, XIE Xinzhi, ZHANG Ruiwen, LIU Yuqing, QIU Dexi

2020, 53(1):  81-91.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.201912050

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A comprehensive understanding of the ways of network attacks on the embedded terminals of intelligent substation and their impacts on the primary power system is the basis for taking effective security protection measures. At present, most researches on the embedded terminal attack of intelligent substation focus on the single type of network attack and stay in the theoretical analysis stage, and no verification is conducted on the presented types of network attack. Based on a vulnerability analysis of the embedded terminals of intelligent substation and their communication environment, the types of network attacks on the terminals are summarized in terms of the data sources and detection methods required for attack detection. Then, an attack verification scheme is proposed with combination of physical testing and simulation. Meanwhile, the principles of flooding and message attacks are analyzed, and the construction methods of the corresponding attack tools are presented. Finally, the constructed attack tools are tested in the experiment environment of the designed verification scheme. The test results show that the presented two attacks can affect the embedded terminals of intelligent substation and the primary equipment, and the embedded terminals are poor in resisting flooding attack.

A Station Level Early Warning Method of Cascading Failures Across Space Based on Attack Gain and Cost Principle in GCPS

WANG Yufei, QIU Jian, LI June

2020, 53(1):  92-99.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.201912082

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In order to accurately detect the cascading failures across space (CFAS) caused by cyber attacks in grid cyber-physical systems (GCPS), a station-level early warning method for CFAS is proposed based on attack gain and cost principle (AGCP). Firstly, the working principle of CFAS early warning is discussed according to the evolution mechanism of CFAS, and a mathematical model of CFAS early warning is established. And then, a station-level CFAS detection method is proposed based on the integration of misuse detection and anomaly detection. Finally, to verify the effectiveness of the proposed CFAS early warning method, a variety of CFAS are simulated in a CEPRI-36 bus GCPS simulation environment, and the early warning is given by using the proposed CFAS early warning method.

Application and Major Issues of Electrochemical Energy Storage Under the Environment of Power Market

HU Jing, HUANG Bibin, JIANG Liping, FENG Kaihui, LI Qionghui, XU Zhao

2020, 53(1):  100-107.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.201907054

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In recent years, with the introduction and implementation of relevant policies of energy storage industry in China, the application of electrochemical energy storage technology in China has been developing rapidly, and has been demonstrated or commercially applied in various scenarios of power system. However, at present, as the electrochemical energy storage is still at the early stage of development, there are still a lot of details to be clarified and improved in terms of profit model, development planning, standard management, fire safety and so on. From the aspects of the development scale, technological economy and policy environment, the status quo of electrochemical energy storage in China is reviewed in this paper. The paper also proposes the concrete application scenarios and their return on investment mechanism of electrochemical energy storage, and gives the quantitative analysis of project economy under each scenario. The major issues of energy storage are analyzed with the focus on project investment strategy, development planning, connection and operation management, safety protection, price and market mechanism, and sharing platform respectively. Relevant suggestions are put forward finally, to promote the healthy and orderly development of electrochemical energy storage in China.

Performance Indices of Electrochemical Energy Storage for AGC Control Based on the Discrete Fréchet Algorithm

HUANG Hao, WU Jiping, TENG Xianliang, SUN Guoqiang, XU Rui

2020, 53(1):  108-114.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.201907160

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Due to its capabilities to provide fast and accurate regulation, the application of the electrochemical energy storage is suitable for frequency modulation in power grid. In order to accurately evaluate the control performance of energy storage resources when participating in AGC control, four control performance indices in terms of the similarity, delay, deviation and contribution indices are proposed by calculating the similarity between the actual output and ideal output curve of energy storage within certain time period. The new indices can not only accurately represent the energy storage regulating performance and effect, but also be adapted for the evaluation of conventional units. Case studies are performed using the actual operation data of both energy storage units and conventional units, such that the validity of the proposed indices are verified by comparison and analysis.

Optimized Operation Design of Integrated Energy System with Wind Power Hydrogen Production

GUO Mengjie, YAN Zheng, ZHOU Yun, ZHANG Peichao

2020, 53(1):  115-123,161.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.201911003

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With the worsening of global environmental pollution problems and the increasing need for energy structure adjustment, hydrogen energy has become a research hotspot across the world as a highly clean and renewable energy. Effective usage of hydrogen energy is an efficient way to solve energy crisis and environmental problems. This paper considers the application of wind power hydrogen production equipment in integrated energy system, discusses different control methods of hydrogen production equipment, and proposes an integrated energy system optimization model for electric hydrogen production equipment. Through the mutual conversion between multiple types of energy sources, the demands of electricity, hydrogen and heat load are satisfied simultaneously. From the simulation results the effectiveness of the proposed model is verified, and the important role of wind power hydrogen production equipment is analyzed in reducing system operation cost and improving clean energy consumption. The simulation results also compare the operation of system under different hydrogen load requirements, which indicate that reasonable arrangement of hydrogen load is conducive to further promoting the green and economic operation of the system.

Optimization of Liquefied Air Energy Storage System Coupled with Organic Rankine Cycle

LI Jianshe, DONG Yihua, LUO Haihua

2020, 53(1):  124-129.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.201908048

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Energy storage is an important technical route to solve the intermittence and instability issue of renewable energy generation, such as wind energy and solar energy. Hence in this paper, regarding the low cycle efficiency of conventional liquefied air energy storage system, the organic Rankine cycle is introduced to make use of the compressed heat generated during the liquefaction stage. To construct the liquefied air energy storage model coupled with organic Rankine cycle, the system cycle efficiency and the exergy efficiency in the air energy release and generation stage are set as objective functions. The outlet pressure of compressor unit, the outlet pressure of cryopump, the narrow temperature difference of cold box and the efficiency of heat exchanger are taken as decision variables respectively. And the non-inferior classification genetic algorithm NSGA-II is used for multi-objective optimization. The Pareto optimal frontier curve is then depicted and by virtue of the TOPSIS optimization method, the optimal system design scheme is obtained with the nearest approximation degree in which the corresponding system cycle efficiency is 62.75%.

Policy Studies and Advice on Comprehensive Control of Wet Plume

YANG Aiyong, SHU Xi, SHEN Zhiyong, LIU Zhitan, SUN Zunqiang, WEI Fei

2020, 53(1):  130-139.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.201907118

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In order to further improve the environmental quality, many local governments have issued standards or policy documents in recent years, in which the treatment of wet plumes is specified as compulsory. However, it is still somewhat confusing regarding the governance objectives, assessment indicators and detailed procedures due to the lack of clear guidelines. Based on the summary and analysis on the current status of domestic and foreign policies and technologies, this paper points out the existing problems in the assessment indicators and procedures in the current policy documents, and then provides relevant advice. The authors believe that the usage of temperature as an assessment indicator is the most feasible and reasonable way, nevertheless it is recommended to choose the indicator system particularly for each individual region or industry. At the same time, it is necessary to enhance the composition and concentration analysis, treatment technology, online and manual analysis technologies, economic and environmental benefit analysis of non-conventional pollutants in wet plume, and verify the effectiveness of wet plume control so as to provide technical and theoretical support for the scientific formulation of wet plume control policies.

The Controlled Condensation Method for the Sampling of SO₃ in the Flue Gas

LI Bin, YANG Yang

2020, 53(1):  140-146.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.201903047

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Controlled condensation method was adopted mostly for SO₃ sampling in the flue gas, because SO₃ is prone to condense and its capture rate is only about 80%. Based on the specifications of controlled condensation method in GB/T 21508-2008, the experiment of SO₃ capture was carried out. Through the experimental studies on the main factors affecting the capture rate of SO₃, such as the size and total length of serpentine coil, the extract flow as well as temperature of sampling, the best coil type and control parameters were obtained. The results show that, the heating temperature of the sampling gun should be at least 280℃. For serpentine coil with the inner diameter of 4 mm, 20 L/min is the optimal pumping flow rate, and the length of serpentine coil should be 240 mm. Under the optimal conditions, the SO₃ capture efficiency can reach 97% or higher, which will meet the needs of SO₃ field test. Finally by taking advantage of this sampling method, the SO₃ concentration in flue gas at each stage was measured and the SO₃ removal efficiency of various air pollutant control equipment from a 600 MW ultra low emission unit was calculated based on the measurement data.

Development of Control Technology for Bypass Flue Gas Drying Tower of Coal-Fired Power Plant

WANG Wenxin, GAO Yi, LIU Chunhong, TONG Xiaozhong, CHEN Biao, QI Zhifu, ZHANG Qin

2020, 53(1):  147-154.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.201902077

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Taking two Zhejiang power plants as the research objects, the difficulties of zero discharge control technology for desulphurization wastewater from bypass flue gas drying tower are analyzed. In order to keep the quality of fly ash unchanged, a multi-parameter control model is established to determine the minimum flue gas temperature and the maximum desulphurization wastewater treatment capacity under the consideration of flue gas acid dew point. At the same time, the accurate control technology based on energy balance and the soft sensing model based on key parameters are both implemented to backup each other, such that the goal of high efficiency and low energy consumption drying of desulphurization wastewater is achieved. The calculation of desulphurization water quality control limit of Taizhou Second Power Plant shows that fly ash can be recycled as ordinary concrete additive. As for the drying tower of Changxing Power Plant, with the flue gas baffle door fully open, when the inlet temperature is 35℃ and the mass flow rate of desulphurization wastewater reaches 4 200 kg/h, the outlet temperature still remains at 117℃, but once the inlet temperature of flue gas drops to 280℃ and the outlet temperature climbs above 110℃, the output of the system then becomes 1 750 kg/h, which is basically consistent with the theoretical expected value based on energy balance algorithm.

Control Strategy Optimization for Thermal Power Unit Adapted to Deep Peak Shaving for Large-Scale New Energy Source Integration

LI Ling, LIU Xinping

2020, 53(1):  155-161.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.201811059

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Deep peak-shaving operation of thermal power unit provides an effective path to eliminate the stochastic disturbance on both power source side and transmission grid side, as well as to boost the renewable energy consumption rate. Meanwhile, the coordination control system of units also needs to be improved to ensure the control quality of power generation load-throttle pressure under the large variation of operation conditions. On the basis of simplified nonlinear dynamic model for typical subcritical units, the variation rule for the main parameters during the load shift process from rated load to deep peak shaving load is determined through the analysis on the basic principles. Then by combining classical PID parameter tuning method with simulation analysis, the optimal parameters of the coordination control system under main operation conditions are obtained and the control logic with variable parameters adapted to operation condition changes is proposed. The application of this method on deep peak adjustment retrofit has been implemented in a 330 MW unit. The optimized coordination control system can be automatically put into service within 33%~100% load range and good control quality is also achieved.

Introduction and Analysis of the Technical Specifications of 1 350 MW USC Steam Turbine

YANG Wenhu

2020, 53(1):  162-168,176.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.201904108

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In this paper, the technical specifications of the 1 350 MW steam turbine in the Shenergy Anhui Pingshan Power Plant Phase II Project are introduced, such as the high and low positioned layouts, double shaftings and double reheat cycles. Particularly, the high positioned turbine train consists of one VHP cylinder and one HP cylinder, and the low positioned turbine train consists of two IP cylinders and three LP cylinders. Then the optimized selection for the turbine unit capacity and turbine module arrangement is presented and the comparative analysis is also carried out on different turbine module arrangements. Moreover, the selection and related optimization for the steam parameters of the turbine is explored. At last, the axial fixed points of the turbine trains and the structure characteristics of turbine modules and valves are put forward.

Analysis and Treatment of the Vibration Problem of AC Lubricating Oil Pump

HE Xiaofeng, LIU Xiaofeng, LU Xiulian, HUA Dongqi, MA Yunxiang, HE Lipeng, TANG Pengtao

2020, 53(1):  169-176.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.201904070

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In order to solve the vibration problem of the AC lubricating oil pumps for the feed water pump driving turbine and ensure the safe operation of the unit, the method of numerical calculation combined with on-site vibration testing and analysis is adopted to diagnose the cause of the fault, then design a reasonable reinforcement scheme and eventually solve the vibration fault problem. The results show that the resonance caused by the weak vertical integral stiffness of the supporting oil tank roof and the uneven deformation of the roof from the tilt of the pump foot are the major reasons contributing to the large vibrations of the AC lubricating oil pumps.

Study and Application on Primary Frequency Modulation Capability by Using Comprehensive Energy Storage of a 660 MW Water Heat and Power Cogeneration Supercritical Unit

CHEN Shunqing, YAN Jianping, ZHANG Yusheng

2020, 53(1):  177-184.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.201904094

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In this paper, the design parameters such as the heat balance diagram of a 660 MW water heat and power cogeneration supercritical unit are used to conduct the theoretical study based on the quantitative analysis of the primary frequency modulation capacity of condensate throttling and heat extraction throttling of the unit. Then the theoretical gain and rule of each throttling change corresponding to the unit power change are obtained respectively under the working conditions of 100%, 75% and 50% THA. Within the scope of safety control, the experimental study on primary frequency modulation capability in terms of comprehensive energy storage of the unit is carried out, hence the actual gain and rule of each throttling change corresponding to the unit power change as well as the actual capacity of primary frequency modulation in terms of comprehensive energy storage are calculated under the working conditions of 350 MW, 450 MW and 600 MW respectively. Based on the original primary frequency modulation control logic of the unit and in combination with the experimental results, a comprehensive energy storage module is developed for the primary frequency modulation of the unit. The simulation application demonstrates satisfactory results. The primary frequency modulation capability has met the related requirements and therefore indirectly improved the economic efficiency of the unit.