水电参与电力市场研究综述

doi:10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202407097

中国电力 ›› 2025, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (6): 156-171.DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202407097

水电参与电力市场研究综述

刘姜伟¹(), 陈亦平², 肖云鹏¹(), 陈凯³, 郭瑾程¹, 王建学¹

1. 西安交通大学电气工程学院，陕西西安　710049
2. 中国南方电网有限责任公司，广东广州　510623
3. 云南电力调度控制中心，云南昆明　650000

收稿日期:2024-07-22 录用日期:2025-02-08 发布日期:2025-06-30 出版日期:2025-06-28
作者简介:
刘姜伟（2000），男，硕士研究生，从事电力市场、电力系统规划研究，E-mail：liujiangwei@stu.xjtu.edu.cn
肖云鹏（1990），男，通信作者，副教授，博士生导师，从事电力市场、新能源电力系统优化调度研究，E-mail：ypxiao@xjtu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划资助项目（支撑20%新能源电量占比场景下的电网智能调度关键技术，No.2022YFB2403500）。

Research Overview of Hydropower Participation in Electricity Market

LIU Jiangwei¹(), CHEN Yiping², XIAO Yunpeng¹(), CHEN Kai³, GUO Jincheng¹, WANG Jianxue¹

1. School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
2. China Southern Power Grid Company Limited, Guangzhou 510623, China
3. Yunnan Electric Dispatching and Control Center, Kunming 650000, China

Received:2024-07-22 Accepted:2025-02-08 Online:2025-06-30 Published:2025-06-28
Supported by:
This work is supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (Key Technologies on Intelligent Dispatch of Power Grid Under 20% New Energy Integration Scenario, No.2022YFB2403500).

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

水电具有启停方便、爬坡速度快、调节能力强等优点，同时，水电是中国第二大常规能源，装机容量居世界首位，研究水电参与电力市场机制对推动中国电力市场建设、实现能源清洁转型具有重要意义。然而现有综述多聚焦于新能源参与市场研究，缺乏对水电参与电力市场相关研究的梳理。立足水电发展现状，对比水电和新能源发电参与电力市场的不同之处，分析水电参与电力市场面临的特殊问题，梳理归纳国内外水电富足地区的市场结构及水电参与电力市场相关机制。在此基础上，总结了水电参与电力市场的出清模型、竞价策略等现有研究成果，并提出水电参与电力市场的进一步研究方向。

关键词: 电力市场, 水电, 交易机制, 市场出清

Abstract:

Hydropower has the advantages of convenient start and stop, fast climbing speed and strong adjustment ability. At the same time, China has the largest installed capacity of hydropower in the world with it being the second largest conventional energy in the country. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the participation of hydropower in the electricity market mechanism to promote the construction of China's electricity market and realize the clean transformation of energy. However, the existing reviews mostly focus on the research of new energy participating in the market, and lacks the analysis of researches on hydropower participating in the electricity market. Based on the current situation of hydropower development, this paper compares the differences between hydropower and new energy power in participating in the electricity market, analyzes the special problems faced by hydropower in participating in the electricity market, and summarizes the market structures of hydropower-rich regions at home and abroad and the relevant mechanisms of hydropower participating in the electricity market. On this basis, the existing research results such as clearing models and bidding strategies of hydropower participating in electricity market are summarized, and the further research directions of hydropower participating in the electricity market are put forward.

Key words: electricity market, hydropower, trading mechanism, market clearing

刘姜伟, 陈亦平, 肖云鹏, 陈凯, 郭瑾程, 王建学. 水电参与电力市场研究综述[J]. 中国电力, 2025, 58(6): 156-171.

LIU Jiangwei, CHEN Yiping, XIAO Yunpeng, CHEN Kai, GUO Jincheng, WANG Jianxue. Research Overview of Hydropower Participation in Electricity Market[J]. Electric Power, 2025, 58(6): 156-171.

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链接本文: https://www.electricpower.com.cn/CN/10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202407097

https://www.electricpower.com.cn/CN/Y2025/V58/I6/156

图/表 8

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类型	发电量/(TW·h)	占比/%
原油	9.8	1.37
天然气	37.7	5.27
原煤	14.2	1.99
核能	14.5	2.03
水力发电	428.7	59.95
可再生能源	207.8	29.06
其他	2.4	0.33
合计	715.1	100.00

类型	发电量/(TW·h)	占比/%
原油	9.8	1.37
天然气	37.7	5.27
原煤	14.2	1.99
核能	14.5	2.03
水力发电	428.7	59.95
可再生能源	207.8	29.06
其他	2.4	0.33
合计	715.1	100.00

类型	发电量/(TW·h)	占比/%
原油	4.8	0.76
天然气	89.8	14.18
原煤	23.6	3.73
核能	89.0	14.06
水力发电	364.2	57.52
可再生能源	57.0	9.00
其他	4.7	0.75
合计	633.2	100.00

类型	发电量/(TW·h)	占比/%
原油	4.8	0.76
天然气	89.8	14.18
原煤	23.6	3.73
核能	89.0	14.06
水力发电	364.2	57.52
可再生能源	57.0	9.00
其他	4.7	0.75
合计	633.2	100.00

水电类型	特点	市场机制
基荷供电型大型水电	出力稳定，受天气、季节等因素影响小	通常按照政府管制定价、作为基荷发电
可调度大型水电	调节能力强，可根据水文预测确定发电计划	自主参与市场竞价发电
不可调度小水电	调节能力弱	作为价格接受者参与市场
梯级水电	梯级耦合复杂，存在水流时滞，难通过供给曲线管理	日前机组组合结束后，可重新修改并提交报价

水电参与电力市场研究综述

Research Overview of Hydropower Participation in Electricity Market

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Metrics

类型	发电量/(亿kW·h)	占比/%
火电	917.0	19.46
水电	3583.3	76.05
风电	167.4	3.55
光伏	44.1	0.94
合计	4711.8	100.00

国家/ 地区	市场模式	水电参与市场特殊机制	优势	适用条件
北欧	现货+辅助服务+金融	无	多类型电源优势互补、金融市场规避风险	具有成熟的金融市场
巴西	中长期+短期	电量再分配机制	水电共同承担风险	区域内水电集中调配
加拿大	现货+辅助服务+金融	不同水电设计不同机制	水电可灵活参与市场交易	水电类型多样，调节能力差异明显
四川	中长期+现货+辅助服务	丰枯分期市场	枯水期避免弃水，丰水期竞争产生价格	高水电占比，市场建设初期

省份	市场模式	水电参与电力市场特殊机制
广东	中长期+现货（日前+实时）+辅助服务（调频）	不参与市场，优先安排发电
四川	中长期+现货（日前+实时）+辅助服务（调频+备用+调峰+无功调节+黑启动）	丰枯分期市场，弃水期仅水电参与市场，非弃水期仅火电参与市场
甘肃	中长期+现货（日前+实时）+辅助服务（调频+调峰）	水电在现货市场优先予以出清
山西	中长期+现货（日前+实时）+辅助服务（调频+备用）	水电机组不参与市场申报，按政府批复价格结算；抽蓄电站以“报量不报价”和调度机构“应急调用”相结合方式参与现货市场
山东	中长期+现货（日前+实时）+辅助服务（调频+爬坡）	抽水蓄能电站可按月选择部分机组报量报价参与现货市场
福建	中长期+现货（日前+实时）+辅助服务（调频+调峰）	抽水蓄能机组作为价格接受者参与市场，水电机组中长期合同外的偏差电量按照政府核定上网电价或者相关文件规定结算
蒙西	中长期+现货（日前+日内+ 实时）+辅助服务（调频+ 备用）	无
浙江	合约市场+现货（日前+实时）+辅助服务（调频）	水电以自计划模式参与市场、来水情况不受控的水电机组暂不参与市场结算

文献编号	研究方法	水电机制	解决问题	使用算例	求解方法	模型优势
[23]	日前出清模型	上游电站参与竞价，下游电站作为电量和价格接受者	竞争性弃水	改进IEEE14 系统	排队出清法	下游电站中标量表示为上游电站的线性函数，避免发电量匹配失衡
[61]	市场出清模型	2次出清，当水电存在弃水时，降低弃水电量的报价促进消纳	竞争性弃水	改进IEEE30 系统	求解器直接求解	2次出清机制能够有效保障水电消纳
[62]	日前优化调度模型	价格接受者	水电出力的精确建模	西班牙杜罗河流域梯级水电	求解器直接求解	基于水轮机出厂数据将水电出力建模为连续、非线性、非凹函数，提高精确性
[64]	安全约束机组组合、安全约束经济调度	分时段报价，丰平枯期下游电站不同机制	多业主梯级水电问题	IEEE13系统	构建混合整数线性规划（mixed integer linear programming，MILP）模型采用求解器求解	丰水期下游电站参与竞价，枯水期下游电量则表示为上游电站的线性函数
[65]	日前现货市场多阶段出清模型	依次通过降低下游电站报价、控制上游电站中标电量，控制上游电站中标电力减少弃水	竞争性弃水	改进IEEE30 系统	求解器直接求解	在多阶段出清中不同阶段对不同电站进行调整，有效避免竞争性弃水，且模型与现行出清模型差异较小
[70]	日前现货出清模型	以厂站为单元参与市场	低水头梯级水电	广西电网	转化成MILP采用求解器求解	针对水电出力特性曲线进行分层分段划分，提高模型精度，更适应低水头水电参与市场地区
[94]	优化调度模型	价格制定者	单一价格制定者的运营策略	葡萄牙7级水电系统	随机MILP采用求解器求解	在基于池的市场中通过剩余供给曲线和CVaR考虑不确定性及风险管理
[95]	日前和实时市场出清模型	基于日前市场信息，水电商可以提交多个报价（分层报价）	抽水蓄能电站参与市场出清	曼尼托巴互联系统	基于PLEXOS软件进行模拟仿真	通过将抽水蓄能电站建模为3个耦合的机组模型表征其特点，提出分层报价机制
[74]	最优调度模型	梯级水电站同时参与合同市场和现货市场，现货市场报量不报价	水电参与组合市场	4座水电站组成系统	转化成MILP采用求解器	引入置信度参数，保证水电站利润满足一定概率
[83]	竞价策略模型	在不同模型中独立报价或与风电联合报价	抽水蓄能和风电联合竞价问题	伊比利亚日前市场	MILP直接求解	通过CVaR描述系统风险，对比水风联合系统不同运行策略对总体经济和减小系统不平衡的影响
[85]	基于随机规划的竞价策略模型	风电和抽水蓄能作为整体联合参与市场	抽水蓄能和风电联合竞价问题	西班牙电力市场	MILP直接求解	通过抽水蓄能和风电联合参与市场可以降低风电不确定性影响
[87]	随机优化双层市场竞价模型	水电可在上下限范围内决策参与市场的容量、电价和爬坡价格	考虑水电不确定性的竞价决策	5节点系统	改进Benders分解法	采用场景表示法对不确定性进行建模，改进Benders分解法能够保证解的全局最优性
[88]	多发电商竞价的带均衡约束问题模型	水电参与电能量市场和爬坡辅助服务市场	考虑水电不确定性的决策均衡	5节点系统	改进Benders分解法	基于改进Benders分解法求解不确定条件下的纳什均衡，提高计算效率
[96]	基于纳什-古诺模型的市场出清模型	报量报价	水火电混合系统市场出清	智利电力系统	Nikaido-Isoda方法	在基于池的电力市场和双边合同市场中，引入拉格朗日乘子加快迭代速度
[97]	竞价策略模型	水电和风电联合报价	水电和风电联合出清对市场的影响	克罗地亚电力市场	NLP直接求解	基于非对称报价曲线进行博弈求解，并将均衡解应用于协调水风发电

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水电参与电力市场研究综述

Research Overview of Hydropower Participation in Electricity Market

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