Grid-Forming Storage Planning for Renewable Energy Bases Considering the Co-optimization of Inertia Response and Primary Frequency Regulation Parameters

doi:10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202411092

Abstract

Abstract:

Remote renewable energy bases often lack conventional power sources for support, leading to prominent frequency stability issues. The deployment of grid-forming energy storage systems can effectively enhance frequency stability. However, fixed frequency support parameter settings fail to fully utilize the frequency regulation capability of grid-forming energy storage, resulting in increased configuration requirements to maintain frequency stability. To address this, a bi-level optimization configuration method for grid-forming energy storage is proposed, based on frequency security in renewable energy bases, which considers the optimization of inertia response and primary frequency regulation parameters. The upper-level optimization aims for economic optimality, deriving the grid-forming energy storage configuration scheme while accounting for operational constraints under typical scenarios of renewable energy HVDC transmission. The lower-level optimization targets multiple frequency security metrics under anticipated power disturbances, optimizing the inertia response and primary frequency regulation parameters of the energy storage system. This ensures the frequency stability of the configuration scheme while maximizing the frequency support capability of grid-forming energy storage. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed optimization method is validated using historical data from a typical scenario in Northwest China.

Key words: renewable energy base, grid-forming energy storage, frequency security, frequency response, virtual inertia

TAN Lingling, ZHANG Wenlong, KANG Zhihao, YE Pingfeng, GAO Yehao, ZHANG Yumin. Grid-Forming Storage Planning for Renewable Energy Bases Considering the Co-optimization of Inertia Response and Primary Frequency Regulation Parameters[J]. Electric Power, 2025, 58(7): 147-161.

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URL: https://www.electricpower.com.cn/EN/10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202411092

https://www.electricpower.com.cn/EN/Y2025/V58/I7/147

Figures/Tables 18

Fig.1 The typical DC outgoing delivery

Fig.2 Inertia and frequency response process of new energy base

Fig.3 Frequency response control model of new energy base

Fig.4 Model solution flow of energy storage optimal configuration and frequency response of new energy base

Table 1 The relevant control parameters of the simulation operation optimization considering inertia support

参数名称		数值
基于惯量支撑的一阶惯性时间常数/s		0.5
基于一次调频的一阶惯性时间常数/s		5.5
风机一次调频系数		20
阻尼系数		100
最大频率偏差/Hz		0.5
稳态频率偏差/Hz		0.2
系统允许的最大频率变化率/(Hz·s^–1)		1
调频死区/Hz		0.03
跟网型风电场延时/s		0.1
基准频率/Hz		50

Fig.5 Wind power output curve

Fig.6 PV output curve

Fig.7 Inertia demand for new energy bases

Table 2 Energy storage configuration planning results

参数		数值
额定功率/MW		1190.6
规划容量/(MW·h)		2335.5
日均投资成本/元		155071.9
日均维护成本/元		23812.2
日均运行成本/元		475421.8

Table 3 Analysis of the operating cost results of typical scenarios of new energy bases 单位：万元

典型场景	弃风弃光成本	风电备用成本	弱交流系统支撑功率成本	总运行成本
1	36.0670	32.957	7.099	76.125
2	22.5670	33.781	8.096	65.255
3	1.9058	44.845	7.915	47.542
4	0	42.566	16.967	59.534

Fig.8 The operation curve of the new energy base

Fig.9 Frequency curve of new energy base

Table 4 The impact of the minimum number of periods on the energy storage configuration

最小时段数/h	爬坡能力/ (MW·h^–1)	储能配置
最小时段数/h	爬坡能力/ (MW·h^–1)	额定容量/(MW·h)	额定功率/MW
6	1200	2660.1	1163.6
4		1521.7	672.3
2		1516.5	669.5

Table 5 The impact of ramp-up capacity on energy storage configuration

最小时段数/h	爬坡能力/ (MW·h^–1)	储能配置
最小时段数/h	爬坡能力/ (MW·h^–1)	额定容量/(MW·h)	额定功率/MW
4	1200	1521.7	672.3
	1500	1467.9	651.5
	1800	741.0	634.1

Fig.10 Frequency curve of new energy base

Fig.11 Frequency curve of new energy base

Table 6 The impact of parameter optimization on energy storage configuration

方案	容量/(MW·h)	功率/MW
1	2432.4	1237.9
2	2335.5	1190.6

Fig.12 Fitness Curve

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