A robust coordinated planning method for transmission system and storage considering analytical frequency dynamics constraints

doi:10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202511031

Abstract

Abstract:

To address the challenges posed by the uncertainty of offshore wind power output to power system frequency security and transmission network planning, this paper proposes a transmission-storage coordinated robust planning method considering analytical dynamic frequency constraints. First, a bi-level optimization framework is formulated, consisting of upper-level transmission network planning and lower-level operation scheduling; the upper level aims to minimize the total system investment and operation cost while planning transmission lines that satisfy load rate constraints, and the lower level considers the coordinated operation of the transmission network and energy storage system (ESS) with frequency response modeling to guarantee dynamic frequency security under disturbances. Then, the bi-level model is transformed into a tractable single-level model via strong duality theory. Furthermore, an adversarial scenario generation (ASG) method is employed to construct extreme risk scenarios, the probabilistic uncertainty of offshore wind power and load is characterized by a 1-∞ norm hybrid uncertainty set, and conditional value-at-risk (CVaR) is adopted to quantify the corresponding risk loss, based on which a transmission-storage coordinated distributionally robust optimization model is established and solved by the column-and-constraint generation (C&CG) algorithm. Simulation results on the IEEE 24-bus system demonstrate that the proposed method can enhance system frequency security, effectively alleviate line overloading, and yield planning schemes with favorable economic efficiency and robustness.

Key words: transmission network, offshore wind power, frequency dynamics constraints, bi-level programming, CVaR, distributionally robust optimization

CHEN Honglin, LUO Shuxin, XU Wei, WU Guangda, WANG Shichao. A robust coordinated planning method for transmission system and storage considering analytical frequency dynamics constraints[J]. Electric Power, 2026, 59(5): 150-163.

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URL: https://www.electricpower.com.cn/EN/10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202511031

https://www.electricpower.com.cn/EN/Y2026/V59/I5/150

Figures/Tables 15

Fig.1 The double-layer optimization framework

Fig.2 Frequency response characteristic curve

Fig.3 Flow of the adversarial scenario generation method

Fig.4 Flow of solving CVaR-considered transmission and storage collaborative distributionally robust planning model using C&CG algorithm

Fig.5 Example simulation topology

Table 1 Device parameter settings

设备	接入位置	参数
常规机组容量/(kV·A)	节点1、2	192
	节点7、22	300
	节点13	591
	节点15	215
	节点16	155
	节点18、21	400
	节点23	660
海上风电容量/(kV·A)	节点19	900
ESS容量/(kV·A)	节点17	500
ESS初始荷电量/%		50
ESS功率上限/kW		50

Fig.6 Typical scenarios of offshore wind power and loads

Table 2 Comparison of planning cost results under various strategies

策略	F^UL/10⁶元	F^L/10⁶元	F^G/10⁶元	F^OS/10⁶元
1	21.6511	3.5148	17.6170	0.5223
2	21.5325	3.5642	17.4458	0.5223
3	21.5807	3.6137	17.3990	0.5680

Fig.7 Rate of change of frequency and frequency nadir under different scenarios

Fig.8 Diagram of frequency response and time-series output characteristics of multi-power sources under load increment disturbance

Fig.9 Coordinated transmission and storage planning state change curve

Fig.10 Schematic diagram of line overload condition

Fig.11 Line planning results after considering line load rate constraints

Table 3 Comparison of results of key lines before and after considering line load rate constraints

线路	考虑负载率约束前		考虑负载率约束后
线路	平均负载率/%	重载率/%	平均负载率/%	重载率/%
1-3	14.99	11.71	12.41	0
1-5	9.74	10.46	8.144	0
3-24	16.188	5.29	9.22	0
7-8	49.17	50.25	34.67	7.01
8-9	44.15	52.71	41.16	14.66
13-23	27.12	19.86	3.75	0
17-18	46.8	73.44	24.35	25.01

Fig.12 Graph of changes in average line load rate before and after considering line load rate constraints

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