Analysis of the Spain 4·28 Major Power Blackout and Its Implications on China's Power Development

doi:10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202507011

Abstract

Abstract:

On April 28, 2025, a nationwide blackout occurred in Spain, affecting Portugal, France, Belgium and other countries with a population of more than 50 million, of which Spain and Portugal lost about 55% and 98% of the load respectively. The event lasted for 26 hours, resulting in direct economic losses exceeding €20 billion. This paper begins by outlining the composition of the power system, covering its generation grid, and load profiles. It then details the pre-incident operational status, the process of blackout itself, and the restoration process, followed by an analysis of both the direct and root causes. By examining this event alongside other major global blackouts in recent years, the paper identifies four key risks to the secure operation of the power systems with a high penetration of renewable energy: "high volatility, susceptibility to oscillations, weak system support, and difficult restoration". Finally, based on the reality of China's power system, the paper proposes relevant measures and recommendations for building a new type of power system.

Key words: Spanish grid, major power blackout, new energy, frequency crash, grid islanding

WANG She, LIANG Shuang, LIU Siwei, HUANG Linghui. Analysis of the Spain 4·28 Major Power Blackout and Its Implications on China's Power Development[J]. Electric Power, 2025, 58(11): 146-155.

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URL: https://www.electricpower.com.cn/EN/10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202507011

https://www.electricpower.com.cn/EN/Y2025/V58/I11/146

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电源类型	装机容量/GW	容量占比/%
风电	31.5	24.4
光伏	32.2	25.0
核电	7.1	5.5
水电	17.2	13.3
气电	25.8	20.0
其他	15.2	11.8
总计	129.0	100.0

电源类型	装机容量/GW	容量占比/%
风电	31.5	24.4
光伏	32.2	25.0
核电	7.1	5.5
水电	17.2	13.3
气电	25.8	20.0
其他	15.2	11.8
总计	129.0	100.0

互联国家	互联类型	线路回数	电压等级/kV	输送容量/MW
法国	交流	5	400	2800
法国	直流	2	±320	2000
葡萄牙	交流	5	400	4400
葡萄牙	交流	4	220	600
摩洛哥	直流	2	±400	1400
安道尔	交流	1	110	160

互联国家	互联类型	线路回数	电压等级/kV	输送容量/MW
法国	交流	5	400	2800
法国	直流	2	±320	2000
葡萄牙	交流	5	400	4400
葡萄牙	交流	4	220	600
摩洛哥	直流	2	±400	1400
安道尔	交流	1	110	160

电源类型	装机容量/GW	容量占比/%
风电	3.5	11.9
光伏	19.4	66.0
核电	3.4	11.6
水电	0.2	0.7
火电	2.3	7.8
其他	0.6	2.0
总计	29.4	100.0