面向短时过载及长期轻载的配变侧储能配置与调度双层优化

doi:10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202310048

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对农村配电变压器短时过载、长期轻载运行的问题，提出了一种基于经济效益评价的配变侧储能配置和调度双层优化方法。上层模型以系统经济效益最优为目标，决策储能系统的额定功率和额定容量，采用莱维飞行粒子群算法求解；下层模型嵌入储能寿命消耗的简化计算模型，以配变低压侧有功波动最小，储能寿命削减最小以及调度经济效益最优为目标，决策储能系统调度策略，采用商业求解器Gurobi求解。在构建配变侧储能系统经济效益评价模型时，计及电池寿命消耗以及配变动态负载率对经济效益的影响，搭建了基于等效全循环次数折算的磷酸铁锂储能系统投资成本模型以及考虑动态负载率对故障发生概率影响的配变故障风险收益模型。算例结果表明，该方法在确保配电网安全运行下能够提高配变侧接入储能系统的经济性。

关键词: 储能, 农村配电变压器, 经济效益评价, 寿命消耗模型, 双层优化

Abstract:

Aiming at the problem of short-term overload and long-term light-load operation of rural distribution transformers, a bi-layer optimization method for optimizing energy storage configuration and scheduling on distribution transformer side based on economic benefit evaluation is proposed in this paper. The upper model aims at the optimal economic benefit of the system, and decides the rated power and capacity of the energy storage system by Levy flying particle swarm optimization. The lower layer model, embedded in a simple calculation model of energy storage life consumption, aims at minimizing active power fluctuation on the low voltage side of distribution transformer, minimizing energy storage life consumption and optimizing dispatching economic benefits, and decides the scheduling strategy of energy storage system by commercial solver Gurobi. When constructing the economic benefit evaluation model of energy storage system on the side of distribution transformer, taking into account the influence of battery life consumption and dynamic load rate of distribution transformer on economic benefit, the investment cost model of lithium iron phosphate energy storage system based on equivalent total cycle number and the fault risk-return model of distribution transformer considering the effect of dynamic load rate on fault probability are established. The results of numerical examples show that the proposed method can improve the economy of the distribution transformer side connected to the energy storage system while ensuring the safe and stable operation of the distribution network.

Key words: energy storage, rural distribution transformer, economic benefit evaluation, life consumption model, bi-layer optimization

张旭, 王淳, 胡奕涛, 陈锐凯, 刘昆, 郭志东, 钟俊勋. 面向短时过载及长期轻载的配变侧储能配置与调度双层优化[J]. 中国电力, 2025, 58(1): 174-184.

Xu ZHANG, Chun WANG, Yitao HU, Ruikai CHEN, Kun LIU, Zhidong GUO, Junxun ZHONG. Dual-Layer Optimization of Distribution Transformer Side Energy Storage Configuration and Dispatching for Short-Term Overload and Long-Term Light Load[J]. Electric Power, 2025, 58(1): 174-184.

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链接本文: https://www.electricpower.com.cn/CN/10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202310048

https://www.electricpower.com.cn/CN/Y2025/V58/I1/174

图/表 15

图 1 放电深度与最大充放电循环次数曲线

Fig.1 Curve of discharge depth and maximum cycle number of charge and discharge

图 2 等效寿命消耗系数分段线性化

Fig.2 Piecewise linearization of equivalent life consumption coefficient

图 3 双层优化模型求解流程

Fig.3 Solving bilevel optimization model flow

图 4 某村的典型日负荷曲线以及分时电价曲线

Fig.4 Typical daily load curve and time-sharing electricity price curve of a village

表 1 BESS参数设置

Table 1 BESS parameter settings

参数名称		参数设置
电池单位容量成本/(元·(kW·h)^–1)		1700
电池单位功率成本/(元·kW^–1)		100
电池运维成本比例/%		8
电池土建成本比例/%		3
电池退役处置残值比例/%		6
电池效率/%		88
$ S_{ {\text{oc}}}^{\min } $, $ S_{ {\text{oc}}}^{\max } $		0.15, 0.90
电池最大寿命年限/年		10

表 2 DT参数设置

Table 2 DT parameter settings

参数名称		参数设置
DT的单位造价/(元·kW^–1)		1000
DT的固定资产折旧率/%		3
DT的有功短路损耗/ kW		69.30
DT的无功短路损耗/(kV·A)		1120
DT的无功经济当量/( kW·(kV·A)^–1)		0.05
三相不平衡DT损耗增加率/%		1.05
DT的故障发生概率/%		0.50
DT的故障风险价格/(元·(kV·A)^–1)		100

表 3 上层优化模型参数设置

Table 3 Parameter setting of upper optimization model

参数名称		参数设置
上层优化迭代次数		100
上层优化粒子个数		20
上层Levy飞行粒子个数		5
Levy步长控制量		1.00

表 4 系统经济效益评价

Table 4 System Economic Benefit Evaluation

项目名称		经济效益评价
BESS投资成本/万元		263.42
BESS运维成本/万元		21.07
BESS退役处置收益/万元		15.81
减少DT扩建收益/万元		3.67
降低购电费用收益/万元		243.34
降低DT运行损耗收益/万元		4.64
降低DT故障风险收益/万元		474.23
调度经济效益/万元		722.21
系统经济效益/万元		457.19
降低DT有功波动均值比例/%		20.59
BESS寿命损失/%		10.00

图 5 冬季储能调度策略

Fig.5 Energy storage scheduling strategy in winter

图 6 不同放电深度下2种场景的投资成本对比

Fig.6 Comparison of initial investment costs of two scenarios under different discharge depths

图 7 2种场景下夏季BESS的SOC状态对比

Fig.7 SOC comparison of the two scenarios in summer

图 8 不同放电深度下2种场景的效益对比

Fig.8 Comparison of benefits of two scenarios under different discharge depths

表 5 不同电化学储能在2种场景下的实验结果对比

Table 5 Comparison of experimental results of different electrochemical energy storage in two scenarios

电池种类	系统经济效益/万元		年均寿命消耗/%
电池种类	场景1	场景2	场景1	场景2
磷酸铁锂电池	428.98	472.47	13.57	10.00
三元锂电池	115.89	230.75	22.22	15.56
铅碳电池	330.46	442.76	21.01	12.05
全钒液流电池	279.16	337.74	5.61	2.94

表 6 上层优化模型算法优化效果对比

Table 6 Comparison of optimization effects of upper optimization model algorithms

算法名称	系统经济效益/万元		收敛代数/代		收敛时间/10³s
算法名称	M	S_td	M	S_td	M	S_td
传统粒子群算法	441.19	1.21	48.00	4.15	19.49	1.76
LPSO算法	457.19	0.00	35.00	2.00	14.02	0.81

表 7 DT侧储能各项经济效益评价对比

Table 7 Comparison of economic benefit evaluation of energy storage on distribution transformer side

工况	系统经济效益/万元	年均寿命消耗/%
不考虑负荷波动	457.19	10.00
考虑负荷波动	454.22	10.00

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