西班牙4·28大停电事故分析及对中国电力发展的启示

doi:10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202507011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

2025年4月28日西班牙突发全国性大停电，波及葡萄牙、法国、比利时等国家，停电人口超过5000万人，其中西班牙与葡萄牙电网分别损失约55%和98%的负荷，持续时间26 h，直接经济损失超过200亿欧元。首先，介绍了西班牙电力系统的电源、电网和负荷概况，梳理了事故前系统运行状态、事故发生过程和恢复过程，分析了停电事故的直接原因和深层原因；然后，结合近年来全球发生的多起大停电事故，剖析了高比例新能源系统安全运行面临的“高波动、易振荡、弱支撑、难恢复”四重风险；最后，结合中国电力系统实际，提出了建设新型电力系统的相关措施建议。

关键词: 西班牙电网, 大停电事故, 新能源, 频率崩溃, 电网解列

Abstract:

On April 28, 2025, a nationwide blackout occurred in Spain, affecting Portugal, France, Belgium and other countries with a population of more than 50 million, of which Spain and Portugal lost about 55% and 98% of the load respectively. The event lasted for 26 hours, resulting in direct economic losses exceeding €20 billion. This paper begins by outlining the composition of the power system, covering its generation grid, and load profiles. It then details the pre-incident operational status, the process of blackout itself, and the restoration process, followed by an analysis of both the direct and root causes. By examining this event alongside other major global blackouts in recent years, the paper identifies four key risks to the secure operation of the power systems with a high penetration of renewable energy: "high volatility, susceptibility to oscillations, weak system support, and difficult restoration". Finally, based on the reality of China's power system, the paper proposes relevant measures and recommendations for building a new type of power system.

Key words: Spanish grid, major power blackout, new energy, frequency crash, grid islanding

王涉, 梁双, 刘斯伟, 黄铃惠. 西班牙4·28大停电事故分析及对中国电力发展的启示[J]. 中国电力, 2025, 58(11): 146-155.

WANG She, LIANG Shuang, LIU Siwei, HUANG Linghui. Analysis of the Spain 4·28 Major Power Blackout and Its Implications on China's Power Development[J]. Electric Power, 2025, 58(11): 146-155.

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链接本文: https://www.electricpower.com.cn/CN/10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202507011

https://www.electricpower.com.cn/CN/Y2025/V58/I11/146

图/表 10

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电源类型	装机容量/GW	容量占比/%
风电	31.5	24.4
光伏	32.2	25.0
核电	7.1	5.5
水电	17.2	13.3
气电	25.8	20.0
其他	15.2	11.8
总计	129.0	100.0

电源类型	装机容量/GW	容量占比/%
风电	31.5	24.4
光伏	32.2	25.0
核电	7.1	5.5
水电	17.2	13.3
气电	25.8	20.0
其他	15.2	11.8
总计	129.0	100.0

互联国家	互联类型	线路回数	电压等级/kV	输送容量/MW
法国	交流	5	400	2800
法国	直流	2	±320	2000
葡萄牙	交流	5	400	4400
葡萄牙	交流	4	220	600
摩洛哥	直流	2	±400	1400
安道尔	交流	1	110	160

互联国家	互联类型	线路回数	电压等级/kV	输送容量/MW
法国	交流	5	400	2800
法国	直流	2	±320	2000
葡萄牙	交流	5	400	4400
葡萄牙	交流	4	220	600
摩洛哥	直流	2	±400	1400
安道尔	交流	1	110	160

电源类型	装机容量/GW	容量占比/%
风电	3.5	11.9
光伏	19.4	66.0
核电	3.4	11.6
水电	0.2	0.7
火电	2.3	7.8
其他	0.6	2.0
总计	29.4	100.0