Table of Content

18 September 2012, Volume 45 Issue 9

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Special Conlribulion

Study on Wind Power Exploitation, Transmission and Accommodation in Northern Region of China

ZHANG Yun-zhou, HU Bo

2012, 45(9):  1-6.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.2012.9.1.5

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To get satisfactory development quality and rapid speed for wind power generations, we should coordinate the layout, transmitting pattern and accommodation modes even in the stage of planning. In this paper, the mode of concentrated and dispersed exploitation was discussed, the layout scheme of 200 GW wind power generations was investigated, and by the established comprehensive analysis method of wind power exploitation, transmission and accommodation, to ensure efficient wind power utilization, the mode of transmission and accommodation of wind power in “SanBei” area of China was mainly studied. Based on the studies above, scientific scenario of wind power in “SanBei” and whole China by 2020 were proposed.

Impacts and Solutions of Wind Power Integration on Grids

LIU Kai-jun

2012, 45(9):  7-10.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.2012.9.7.3

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Along with the rapid growth of wind power since the Eleventh Five-Year, but disharmony problems between wind power and power grids gradually appear. In order to promote the sustainable development of wind power, based on lastest data and study results, considering the safe operation, consumptive needs and construction planning, the impacts and causes of wind power integration on grids are analyzed. Some solutions are put forward in aspects of technology development, power source optimization, grid structure construction and overall planning, which could be a reference for the scientific and healthy development of power industry.

Orginal Article

Research on Blending of Pingshuo Coal Based on Unit Adaptability and Sulfur Retention by Ash of 1 000-MW Ultra-Supercritical Units

HAN Bai-chun, CAI Ru-jun, ZHOU Yong-gang, LI Pei, LI Shuai-ying, ZHAO Hong

2012, 45(9):  11-16.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.2012.9.11.5

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Blended Pingshuo coal and Indonesia coal and blended Pingshuo coal and Mongolia coal are burned in a 1000-MW ultra-supercritical unit in a power plant for comparison with conventional Indonesia coal to analyze the adaptability and sulfur-fixing rate of the unit. The unit shows good adaptability with normal coal pulverizing system and normal main steam and reheat steam parameters after the Pingshuo coal is blended in. The slagging condition is improved significantly, and the pulverizing electric consumption per calorific value is decreased, but the boiler efficiency is decreased slightly with the flue gas loss and the mechanism inadequacy burning loss increases. The sulfur-fixing rate of Pingshuo coal and Mongolia coal blending is 9.23 percent, which is significant for decreasing the emission concentration of SO₂ and the desulphurization cost. However, the Pingshuo coal and Indonesia coal blending shows almost no sulfur-fixing effect. The sulfur-fixing rate by power plant tests is much lower than that by lab tests because the furnace temperature is much higher than the decomposition temperature of CaSO₄.

Generation Technology

Application of Steam-Driven Induced Draft Fan to 1 000-MW Units

LI Yi-jie, SUN Ye-zhu, YANG Xu-ming, LEI Bao-ming, YAO You-jiang, CAI Chun

2012, 45(9):  17-21.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.2012.9.17.4

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Minor turbine drive is adopted by induced draft fans, which can not only avoid large startup current caused by motor drive and instantaneous variation of auxiliary voltage, but also reduce the auxiliary service rate and the losses in the course of energy conversion with high energy-saving efficiency. Taking Haimen Power Plant for example, a scheme adopting steam turbine drive instead of motor drive with the boost fan and the induced draft fan integrated for a 1 036-MW unit is introduced, which includes the original technical scheme, the operating tactics, the investment revenue and the performance. The scheme adopting the steam-driven induced draft fan could be a reference for other thermal units of the same capacity.

Optimization and Effects of Water-Steam Quality for 600-MW Air-Cooled Units

SHI Xue-song, WANG Wen-zhong, LIU Jiang

2012, 45(9):  22-24.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.2012.9.22.2

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Salification is observed on the turbine blades of Dalate Power Plant Phase IV Project in overhauls. The power plant is equipped with two 600-MW coal-fired, direct air-cooling units. The analysis indicates that it mainly results from the poor effect of silicon washing during the tuning stage and the low pH value of the feedwater during the operation. Therefore, an improved operation condition for chemical water treatment is determined, including the water treatment mode changed from the original AVT (R) to AVT (O). Through boiler thermal chemical tests, a series of improvement measures is developed and adopted in the operation. A magnet remover is also installed in the condenser exhaust device, which improves the water vapor quality significantly. The acceptable rate of the water vapor quality of the two units has been raised from 92.3% and 90.2% to 99.7% and 99.2% respectively.

Power Syslem

Design of Centralized Reactive Power Compensation Capacity of the Wind Farm

ZHANG Qiang, QIU Wei-dong

2012, 45(9):  25-28.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.2012.9.25.3

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Due to the great voltage fluctuation resulted from wind power intermittence, adequate reactive power compensation needs to be installed. At present the reactive power compensation calculation and analysis for the wind farm are rarely conducted, and the grid-connection design of wind farms is carried out in accordance with related guides. This paper presents the calculation and analysis method of the reactive power loss of the wind farm, and proves the effectiveness of the method through case study. It has some limitations to determine the reactive power compensation capacity of the wind farm according to related technical requirements.

Study on Circuit Service Without Total Outage of the 500 kV Transmission Line of Four Circuits on One Tower

JIN Yi, XIAO Yun, LIU Ting, LIU Kai, XIAO Bin

2012, 45(9):  29-34.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.2012.9.29.5

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In order to provide a technical basis for circuit service without total outage of the 500 kV transmission line of four circuits on one tower, the induced voltage of outage circuits were calculated by simulation under the condition of two circuits operating while the other two outage, or three circuits operating while the other one outage. The calculation result indicates that when the two ends of outage circuits is ungrounded, the max peak value of the induced voltage of outage circuits can reach as high as 105 kV; when the two ends of outage circuits is grounded, the max peak value of the induced voltage of outage circuits can also reach as high as 95 V. It is proposed that, when the 500 kV four circuits on one tower is incomplete outage, the service operation can be live working, or power-off working with safety protective measures.

Electric Power Demand Forecast for Sichuan Province in the Second Decade of China′s Western Development Program

DING Jian, AI Ming-jian, WU An-ping

2012, 45(9):  35-39.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.2012.9.35.4

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As an underdeveloped province in the west, Sichuan is now confronted with the dual task of speeding up and improving the quality of economic development. Entering the 2nd decade of the China′s Western Development Program, the economic development and power demand of Sichuan province will maintain at a fairly high growth rate. Using the Relative Unit Consumption Method, the paper analyzes the major factors influencing the electrical loads such as the economic growth rate, the proportion of three industries and the energy consumption for unit GDP production. On this basis, Sichuan′s electric demands in 2015 and 2020 are forecasted and valuable conclusions are reached.

Analysis on the Needs for Pumped Storage Power Station in Changji Power Grid in Urumqi

LIU Xin-gang, YAN Guang-xin

2012, 45(9):  40-42.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.2012.9.40.2

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During the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2011-2015), a total of 5 660 MW installed generation capacity, including 5 565 MW in thermal power and 95 MW in hydropower, will be added to the Urumqi Changji power grid. In addition, it is planned to add another 1 250 MW wind power to the grid. The thermal power units account for about 66% of the total added coal-fired units, which will continue to increase the power grid's pressure for peak load regulation. Based on the load characteristics of the Urumqi Changji power grid, this paper analyzes the surplus and loss of peaking capacity in Urumqi Changji power grid and obtains the demand capacity for pumped storage power station in Urumqi Changji power grid.

New Energy

Effect of Rotation Direction of Rotary Reactor and Particle Ratio on Mean Residence Time

SUN Bao-min, WANG Gong, WU Si-zhu, LI Shao-hua, ZHANG Li-dong

2012, 45(9):  43-47.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.2012.9.43.4

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The mean residence time(MRT) of particles in rotary retort affects the oil shale distillation effect and yield of shale oil with distillation technology using solid heat carrier. Based on the oil shale distillation experiment system, a mixture of oil shale particles and shale ash is studied, and the impacts of particle ratio and rotation direction of rotary reactor(with upender in it) on MRT is analyzed by tracer particle method under the condition of cold experiments. The experimental results demonstrate that different particle ratios lead to different particle average sizes of the mixture and longer residence time in the reactor for the mixture with smaller particle average size. Because of the structural characteristics of upender within the reactor, different particle moving patterns are formed when the rotation direction is different. The higher tumble distance of surface layer particles contributes to longer residence time when the reactor upender works at a right angle.

Analysis on Problems and Countermeasures of New Energy Power Generation in China

ZHANG Wei-bo, PAN Yu-chao, ZHANG Wei-dong, CUI Zhi-qiang

2012, 45(9):  48-51.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.2012.9.48.3

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Actively promoting the use of new energy in power generation to save or even partly replace fossil energy is an inevitable strategic choice to realize energy structure optimization, environmental protection, and sustainable economic and social development in China. This paper analyzes the main problems existing in China′s new energy power generation industry in project planning, project approval, legislation building, industrial infrastructure, equipment performance, construction and operation level. Solutions and suggestions are presented accordingly for sound and orderly development of China′s new energy power generation industry.

Optimal Planning of EV Charging Station Based on PSASP/UPI

HU Guo-wei, SUN Gang, GUO Chang-lin, RONG Xiao-xue, BIE Zhao-hong

2012, 45(9):  52-55.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.2012.9.52.3

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A practical model for charging station power supply planning is presented. The basic objective of the proposed model is to schedule the scenarios of charging stations to integrate grid at minimum power loss and investment cost while satisfying the system security constraints. On the basis of Power System Analysis Software Package(PSASP), the planning program is written by User Program Interface(UPI) to realize the charging station planning. The proposed model and the solution based on PSASP/UPI are applied in the city of Linyi and the results obtained demonstrate they are effective and valuable, and are very convenient to apply in other cities when planning the charging stations.

Study on Risk Management of Wind Power Projects Based on Risk Assessment Matrix

ZOU Jiong, ZHANG Xian-liang, HUANG Shan-ping, CHEN Xin, ZHANG Yu-xing

2012, 45(9):  56-59.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.2012.9.56.3

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Vigorously developing wind power and other renewable energy is not only a critical national strategic decision, but also an objective requirement to realize sustainable economic and social development in China. For insurers to underwrite large-sized wind power projects and properly process insurance claims, it is of great significance to develop a thorough understanding of the prospects of wind power generation and an ability to identify and assess risks that lie in the equipment manufacture stage, the project construction period and the operation cycle. This paper describes the development trends of the wind power industry, presents and analyzes the risks in the industry based on risk assessment matrix, and studies wind power insurance cases from a multi-dimensional perspective on project underwriting and risk control.

Development of Smart Monitoring System for Small Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Power Stations

SHOU Ting, ZHANG Si-jian

2012, 45(9):  60-63.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.2012.9.60.3

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This paper proposes a smart monitoring system based on wireless sensor network (WSN) for small grid-connected PV power stations. The monitoring system provides three fundamental functions: power quality monitoring, energy billing and grid-connection control. The WSN benefits from distributed data sampling and self-configure ability. Thus it can cover many distributed power stations in large scale. The monitoring system consists of the WSN based on ZigBee technology and mobile communication network. The structure and principle of the WSN are introduced. The hardware structures and software flowcharts of coordinators and monitoring nodes in WSN are presented in detail.

Analysis on Energy Saving and Emission Reduction of Electric Vehicles Based upon Life-Cycle Energy Efficiency

KONG Wei-zheng, LI Qiong-hui, WANG Xiao-lu

2012, 45(9):  64-67.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.2012.9.64.3

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The variation of fossil energy consumption, carbon dioxide and pollutant emissions are calculated after conventional fuel vehicles are replaced with electric vehicles based upon the full-cycle energy efficiency theory. The results show that the primary energy consumption, CO2, CO and HC emissions can be reduced with the substitution of electric vehicles for petrol vehicles, but NOx and SO2 emissions are increased. When diesel vehicles are replaced with electric ones, the emissions of pollutants except SO2 will be reduced, but the total emissions of CO2 and SO2 will be increased. Considering the proportion of coal-fired power generation to the total power generation in China, the target of energy saving and emission reduction cannot be thoroughly realized by the substitution of electric vehicles for oil-fired vehicles.

Energy Conservation ang Environmental Protection

Analysis on Energy Saving for Water Cooling System in Thermal Power Plants

FEI Quan-chang, LIANG Chao

2012, 45(9):  68-71.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.2012.9.68.3

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Thermal power plays a decisive role in energy supply in China and much attention needs to be paid to the energy saving design of thermal power plants. The thermal power installed capacity accounts for over 70% of the total installed power generation capacity in China. Following the requirement of “building efficient coal-fired power plants with energy saving, environmental protection and water saving” proposed in the“National Energy Technology Twelfth Five-Year Plan”, and taking the 1000-MW grade thermal power unit for example, schemes with different circulating pump configuration are compared and the influence factors of circulating water pump head are analyzed. Analysis on energy saving is also taken for the optimized water cooling power plant with once-through system and recirculating system and the ideas on and schemes of energy saving in the circulating water system of thermal power plants are proposed for reference for professionals.

Operation Optimization and Effect Analysis for Electrostatic Precipitators in Thermal Power Plant

QIAN Yong-gui, LUAN Li-hai

2012, 45(9):  72-75.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.2012.9.72.3

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There are four electric fields in the electrostatic precipitators(ESPs) for the two 600-MW units in Tianji Power Plant. A performance test for the ESP was carried out in 2010 after the overhaul of Boiler 2, which indicates that the dust removal efficiency does not meet the designed parameters. Through the analysis on the efficiency-related factors, the method for improving the efficiency is found out and adopted to optimize the operation of the ESP for Boiler 2, which has achieved satisfactory results in environmental protection and energy saving.

Technology of Mercury Removal, Reduction for Flue Gas of Coal-Fired Power Plants

Zhang Jingyi

2012, 45(9):  76-79.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.2012.9.76.3

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The effect of mercury removal in the existing air pollutant control devices in coal-fired power plants is evaluated and the mercury control technologies, which could be classified as pre-combustion control and flue gas mercury removal technology and mercury removal related multi-pollutant removal technologies are presented. According to the data collected, the SCR system can convert Hg⁰ to Hg²⁺, which could be removed more easily by downstream equipment. Both the electrostatic precipitator (ESP) and the fabric filter can remove Hgp and Hg²⁺ from the flue gas, while the latter shows better performance. The carbon content of the flue gas has great effect on the removal efficiency of dust collectors, that is, more carbon content leads to better efficiency. The existing flue gas desulphurization (FGD) systems can collect Hg²⁺, but can also convert Hg²⁺ to Hg⁰. The method of adding bromides to coal can raise the Hg²⁺ content of flue gas, which could enhance the performance of mercury removal for the existing air pollutant control devices. Some multi-pollutant control technologies with promising prospect are also introduced, which could achieve the goal of removing SO_x, NO_x, Hg and fine particulate matter.

Improvement in pH Value and Density Measurement for Slurry in Tower of Lime-Gypsum FGD Systems

LIANG Lei, MA Hong-yu, DING Hua, LIANG Yong

2012, 45(9):  80-84.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.2012.9.80.4

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Scaling and wearing tend to happen on the sampling probe of pH meters and density meters used in lime-gypsum FGD system of thermal power plants, which leads to frequent clogging in the measuring pipeline and deviation, even distortion in pH value and density measurement for the desulfurization tower slurry. Therefore, an improved pH sampling device is designed, adopting the diaphragm pressure transmitter instead of the traditional densimeter. Combined with the FGD project for three 75-t/h circulating fluidized bed boilers in the No.1 combined heat and power plant for Shanxi Datuhe Coking and Chemical Co., Ltd., the principle and application of the design is introduced. The experimental results show that the improved pH sampling device can effectively protect the sampling probe with better practicability and economics. The diaphragm pressure transmitter also has dual functions, i.e., monitoring the density and liquid level of the slurry in the desulfurization tower, which requires less maintenance work and is more suitable for engineering application.

Electric Power Economy

Evaluation Index of Power Grid Equipment Operation Efficiency Based on Correlation Analysis

SONG Ling-li1, DENG Chang-hong, WU Yao-wen, XU Qiu-shi, ZENG Fan-ling, HUANG Jin-feng

2012, 45(9):  85-90.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.2012.9.85.5

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From the perspective of asset management, this paper reviews the current operation situation of power grid assets and devices in China and studies the evaluation index of power grid equipment operation efficiency. Taking the provincial power grid as the research object, researchers adopt the correlation analysis method in optimal screening of the indicators and establish an evaluation index system suitable for the provincial power grid. The case of Hubei power grid is taken to verify the practicality and effectiveness of this evaluation index system.

Orginal Article

Analysis of Influencing Factors on the Cost of Denitrification Projects for Thermal Power Plants

YAN Min, LI Feng, ZHU Yue

2012, 45(9):  91-93.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.2012.9.91.2

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With the implementation of the new national standard“Emission Standard of Air Pollutants for Thermal Power Plants”, the emission limit of the nitrogen oxide has become tighter and tighter, then more denitrification projects are needed to be installed in the existing power plants to meet the new denitrification emission limit. Design stage is the key point of controlling the construction cost, influencing factors on construction cost of denitrification projects during the design stage such as selection of process, unit capacity, flue type, design allowance for denitrification projects, reconstruction workload and project period are analyzed in this paper, and discussion is carried out combining with the living example.

Analysis of Electricity Generation Costs Based on Coal Calorific Value and Sulfur Content Value

ZHANG Shuang-wu

2012, 45(9):  94-97.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.2012.9.94.3

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Under the influence of soaring coal price and the price contradiction between the higher coal price and the lower on-grid power price, blending coal is widely adopted by thermal power plants to reduce the cost of generation. Firing the power coal of low calorific value can help the plants to achieve unit price drop of the comprehensive standard coal, thereby to improve the profitability of power generation projects. This paper aims to study the impacts of the two main parameters of power coal quality, i.e., the calorific value and the sulfur content value, on the cost of electricity generation. Based on the research on the two parameters, a model of electricity generation cost is established, which could provide useful reference for the calculation of blending coal cost.

Modeling of Power Generation Structure with Diversification Level and Emission Constraints Considered

FAN Ai-xia, QIN Xu-ying

2012, 45(9):  98-101.  DOI: 10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.2012.9.98.3

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Given that advanced technologies for both fossil and non-fossil fuels power generation have gradually entered a new development stage where the two can compete against each other in the market, studying the structural evolution of the power generation structure and its influences on the total energy consumption and emission has become a priority in the field of energy system modeling, particularly for a transitional economy like China. In this paper an optimization tool is developed and implemented to simulate the optimal portfolio of power generation technologies with the constraints on technological, economical, and environmental performance. Various scenarios are designed and compared to illustrate the interactions among cost, diversity, and emissions. Results can make a reference to the government policy-making.