Evaluation of HVDC transmission capability for hydro-wind-solar hybrid power bases considering frequency and voltage support strength

doi:10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202507002

Abstract

Abstract:

Large-scale hydro-wind-solar integrated power bases exhibit the fundamental characteristics of multi-energy sources, weak grid structure, and limited local loads. Thus the transmission export capability of its large-scale clean energy through HVDC connection is severely subject to system security and stability. With regards to the issue of frequency/voltage support capabilities weakened by high penetration of renewable energy, this paper develops an HVDC transmission capability evaluation model incorporating frequency and voltage support strength. Firstly, a coordinated assessment framework is established based on the analysis of the constraints limiting HVDC transmission capabilities. Next, by integrating spatio-temporal hydraulic-electric constraints of river basin cascade hydropower generation and considering complementary operation of hydro-wind-PV energy resources, a transmission capacity optimization model with the objective of maximizing delivery power is formulated via mixed-integer second-order cone programming method. Finally, security constraint frameworks covering frequency/voltage support requirements are constructed by quantifying system frequency response capability and short-circuit ratios of multiple renewable plants. Furthermore, by taking advantage of second-order cone reconstruction techniques to efficiently process nonlinear frequency constraints, a transmission capacity evaluation methodology is then formulated which balances the multi-energy complementarity and system security requirements. Case studies on modified IEEE benchmark systems are conducted to validate the model's effectiveness through multi-scenario simulations.

Key words: HVDC transmission, hydro-wind-solar hybrid power base, cascade hydropower coupling, maximum transmission capability, frequency-voltage coupling

WANG Xiaodi, ZHANG Lin, SU Yunche, BI Shuya, LIU Fang, WEN Yunfeng. Evaluation of HVDC transmission capability for hydro-wind-solar hybrid power bases considering frequency and voltage support strength[J]. Electric Power, 2026, 59(4): 47-58.

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://www.electricpower.com.cn/EN/10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202507002

https://www.electricpower.com.cn/EN/Y2026/V59/I4/47

Figures/Tables 14

Fig.1 HVDC delivery system for hydro-wind-solar hybrid power bases

Fig.2 Research framework for HVDC transmission capability of hydro-wind-solar integrated bases

Fig.3 Modified IEEE RTS-79 system

Fig.4 Forecasted power generation curve for renewable energy sources

Table 1 Installed capacity by source types in hydro-wind-solar hybrid power base

电源类型	装机数量/台	装机总容量/MW
水电	32	5050
风电	3	1050
光伏	2	700

Fig.5 Comparative curves of delivery power for HVDC1

Fig.6 Comparative curves of delivery power for HVDC2

Fig.7 Comparative curves of aggregate delivery power

Fig.8 Distribution of committed hydropower units in conventional model

Fig.9 Distribution of committed hydropower units in frequency-voltage coupling model

Fig.10 System inertia comparison of two models subject to identical power disturbance

Fig.11 RoCoF comparison of two models under identical power disturbance

Table 2 Maximum frequency deviation of two models under identical power disturbance 单位：Hz

时刻	常规模型	频率-电压耦合模型
04:00	0.58	0.30
05:00	0.57	0.30
06:00	0.59	0.24
12:00	1.76	0.32
13:00	1.78	0.32
14:00	1.83	0.32
21:00	1.81	0.27
22:00	1.67	0.32
23:00	1.43	0.23

Table 3 Min-Max range of short-circuit ratio at renewable energy grid-integration nodes over 24-hour period

新能源节点	模型	短路比最大值	短路比最小值
2	1	3.65	0.64
2	2	3.76	3.00
17	1	3.93	0.72
17	2	4.56	3.04
19	1	3.72	0.68
19	2	4.71	3.03
20	1	3.65	0.67
20	2	4.63	3.00
24	1	3.79	0.70
24	2	4.87	3.06

References 33

1	丁剑, 方晓松, 宋云亭, 等. 碳中和背景下西部新能源传输的电氢综合能源网构想[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2021, 45 (24): 1- 9.
	DING Jian, FANG Xiaosong, SONG Yunting, et al. Conception of electricity and hydrogen integrated energy network for renewable energy transmission in western China under background of carbon neutralization[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2021, 45 (24): 1- 9.
2	潘尔生, 李晖, 肖晋宇, 等. 考虑大范围多种类能源互补的中国西部清洁能源开发外送研究[J]. 中国电力, 2018, 51 (9): 158- 164.
	PAN Ersheng, LI Hui, XIAO Jinyu, et al. Research on the development and transmission of clean energy in western China considering wide range coordination of multi-energy[J]. Electric Power, 2018, 51 (9): 158- 164.
3	《“十四五”可再生能源发展规划》印发[J]. 节能与环保, 2022, (6): 6.
4	张俊涛, 程春田, 于申, 等. 水电支撑新型电力系统灵活性研究进展、挑战与展望[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2024, 44 (10): 3862- 3885.
	ZHANG Juntao, CHENG Chuntian, YU Shen, et al. Progress, challenges and prospects of research on hydropower supporting the flexibility of new power systems[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2024, 44 (10): 3862- 3885.
5	程春田. 碳中和下的水电角色重塑及其关键问题[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2021, 45 (16): 29- 36.
	CHENG Chuntian. Function remolding of hydropower systems for carbon neutral and its key problems[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2021, 45 (16): 29- 36.
6	申建建, 王月, 程春田, 等. 水风光多能互补发电调度问题研究现状及展望[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2022, 42 (11): 3871- 3885.
	SHEN Jianjian, WANG Yue, CHENG Chuntian, et al. Research status and prospect of generation scheduling for hydropower-wind-solar energy complementary system[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2022, 42 (11): 3871- 3885.
7	张英敏, 彭泽峰, 彭乔, 等. 预测新能源接入电网受扰后频率最低点的通用ASF模型[J]. 电网技术, 2023, 47 (5): 1788- 1799.
	ZHANG Yingmin, PENG Zefeng, PENG Qiao, et al. Generic ASF model of new-energy-integrated power grid for frequency nadir estimation under disturbance[J]. Power System Technology, 2023, 47 (5): 1788- 1799.
8	蒋小亮, 刘万勋, 严格, 等. 多直流馈入受端电网主网架承载能力评估研究[J]. 电力科学与技术学报, 2023, 38 (5): 216- 225.
	JIANG Xiaoliang, LIU Wanxun, YAN Ge, et al. Evaluation of carrying capability of the main grid of multi-infeed HVDC receiving-end systems[J]. Journal of Electric Power Science and Technology, 2023, 38 (5): 216- 225.
9	刘辉, 王阔. 新能源低电压穿越无功电流对暂态电压安全约束的影响[J]. 中国电力, 2022, 55 (2): 152- 158.
	LIU Hui, WANG Kuo. LVRT reactive current index of renewable units based on the constraints of transient voltage[J]. Electric Power, 2022, 55 (2): 152- 158.
10	赵志鹏, 于志辉, 程春田, 等. 水风光综合基地多风险量化及长期多目标协调优化调度方法[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2024, 48 (22): 118- 130.
	ZHAO Zhipeng, YU Zhihui, CHENG Chuntian, et al. Multi-risk quantification and long-term multi-objective coordinated optimal dispatch method for hydro-wind-solar integrated energy base[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2024, 48 (22): 118- 130.
11	彭煜民, 王雪林, 刘德旭, 等. 考虑混蓄与纯蓄配置方式的水风光蓄互补系统调度运行对比研究[J]. 电力系统保护与控制, 2024, 52 (10): 179- 187.
	PENG Yumin, WANG Xuelin, LIU Dexu, et al. Comparative research on dispatching operation of a hydro-wind-solar-storage complementary system considering configurations with hybrid and pure pumped-storage hydropower plants[J]. Power System Protection and Control, 2024, 52 (10): 179- 187.
12	段钇江, 侯显鑫, 吴光耀. 考虑收益的水-风-光多能互补清洁能源送出方案分析[J]. 电力系统及其自动化学报, 2025, 37 (2): 115- 121.
	DUAN Yijiang, HOU Xianxin, WU Guangyao. Analysis of transmission scheme for water-wind-photovoltaic multi-energy complementary clean energy considering revenues[J]. Proceedings of the CSU-EPSA, 2025, 37 (2): 115- 121.
13	王宇, 姜崇学, 宋胜利, 等. 基于源网直储一体化的沙戈荒大规模新能源基地外送方案[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2025, 49 (7): 126- 134.
	WANG Yu, JIANG Chongxue, SONG Shengli, et al. Transmission scheme for large-scale renewable energy bases in gobi desert and other arid areas based on integration of source, grid, DC and storage[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2025, 49 (7): 126- 134.
14	张艳, 张旭, 张静怡, 等. 考虑风电不确定性的沙戈荒新能源基地交直流混合外送系统最大传输能力评估[J]. 电力建设, 2024, 45 (12): 174- 186.
	ZHANG Yan, ZHANG Xu, ZHANG Jingyi, et al. Evaluation of total transmission capacity of AC-DC hybrid delivery system in desert new energy base considering the uncertainty of wind power[J]. Electric Power Construction, 2024, 45 (12): 174- 186.
15	李湃, 王伟胜, 黄越辉, 等. 大规模新能源基地经特高压直流送出系统中长期运行方式优化方法[J]. 电网技术, 2023, 47 (1): 31- 44.
	LI Pai, WANG Weisheng, HUANG Yuehui, et al. Method on optimization of medium and long term operation modes of large-scale renewable energy power base through UHVDC system[J]. Power System Technology, 2023, 47 (1): 31- 44.
16	汪荣华, 胥威汀, 杨伟峰, 等. 纯清洁能源下水电高占比送端电网频率稳定协调控制策略研究[J]. 智慧电力, 2021, 49 (9): 87- 94.
	WANG Ronghua, XU Weiting, YANG Weifeng, et al. Coordinated frequency stability control strategy of sending-end power grid with high hydro generation proportion in 100% clean energy generation[J]. Smart Power, 2021, 49 (9): 87- 94.
17	马富艺龙, 辛焕海, 刘晨曦, 等. 新能源基地柔性直流送出系统小扰动电压支撑强度评估[J]. 电工技术学报, 2023, 38 (21): 5758- 5770, 5938.
	MA Fulong, XIN Huanhai, LIU Chenxi, et al. Small-disturbance system voltage support strength assessment method for renewables VSC-HVDC delivery system[J]. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 2023, 38 (21): 5758- 5770, 5938.
18	王超, 常海军, 刘福锁, 等. 风光水汇集直流外送系统暂态频率电压紧急协调控制策略[J]. 电网与清洁能源, 2023, 39 (12): 50- 60.
	WANG Chao, CHANG Haijun, LIU Fusuo, et al. The coordinated emergency control strategy of transient frequency and voltage stability for the HVDC transmission system collecting wind power, photovoltaic and hydropower[J]. Power System and Clean Energy, 2023, 39 (12): 50- 60.
19	沈舒仪, 王国腾, 但扬清, 等. 频率偏差与电压刚度约束下多馈入直流优化调度方法[J]. 中国电力, 2025, 58 (3): 132- 141.
	SHEN Shuyi, WANG Guoteng, DAN Yangqing, et al. Optimal scheduling method for multi-infeed receiving-end power grids under frequency deviation and voltage stiffness constraints[J]. Electric Power, 2025, 58 (3): 132- 141.
20	王博, 杨德友, 蔡国伟. 高比例新能源接入下电力系统惯量相关问题研究综述[J]. 电网技术, 2020, 44 (8): 2998- 3007.
	WANG Bo, YANG Deyou, CAI Guowei. Review of research on power system inertia related issues in the context of high penetration of renewable power generation[J]. Power System Technology, 2020, 44 (8): 2998- 3007.
21	汪莹, 崔伟, 王聪, 等. 新能源基地柔性直流送出系统安全稳定评估方法[J]. 电网与清洁能源, 2025, 41 (1): 137- 145.
	WANG Ying, CUI Wei, WANG Cong, et al. A safety and stability evaluation method for new energy VSC-HVDC transmission systems[J]. Power System and Clean Energy, 2025, 41 (1): 137- 145.
22	李欣悦, 尹纯亚, 李琳, 等. 双极闭锁故障下送端新能源高渗透系统暂态过电压抑制措施[J]. 电力工程技术, 2025, 44 (4): 159- 166.
	LI Xinyue, YIN Chunya, LI Lin, et al. Transient overvoltage suppression measures for new energy high penetration system at the sending end under bipolar blocking fault[J]. Electric Power Engineering Technology, 2025, 44 (4): 159- 166.
23	莫明山, 娄素华, 陈亦平, 等. 考虑直流频率支撑的异步互联送端电网日前调度[J]. 电网技术, 2025, 49 (12): 5196- 5205.
	MO Mingshan, LOU Suhua, CHEN Yiping, et al. Day ahead dispatch of asynchronous interconnected sending end power grid considering HVDC frequency support[J]. Power System Technology, 2025, 49 (12): 5196- 5205.
24	林晓煌, 文云峰, 杨伟峰. 惯量安全域: 概念、特点及评估方法[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2021, 41 (9): 3065- 3079.
	LIN Xiaohuang, WEN Yunfeng, YANG Weifeng. Inertia security region: concept, characteristics, and assessment method[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2021, 41 (9): 3065- 3079.
25	XIE D, HUANG J, XU Y. An accurate second-order cone approximation of frequency nadir security constraints under large disturbances[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2025.
26	钟儒鸿, 程春田, 廖胜利, 等. 兼顾多电网调峰与水电消纳的跨流域梯级水电站调度方法[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2021, 45 (14): 114- 122.
	ZHONG Ruhong, CHENG Chuntian, LIAO Shengli, et al. Inter-basin scheduling method of cascaded hydropower plants considering multi-grid peak shaving and hydropower accommodation[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2021, 45 (14): 114- 122.
27	罗彬, 陈永灿, 刘昭伟, 等. 梯级水光互补系统最大化可消纳电量期望短期优化调度模型[J]. 电力系统自动化, 2023, 47 (10): 66- 75.
	LUO Bin, CHEN Yongcan, LIU Zhaowei, et al. Short-term optimal dispatch model for maximizing expectation of accommodation power of cascade hydro-photovoltaic complementary system[J]. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2023, 47 (10): 66- 75.
28	蔡绍荣, 沈力, 江栗, 等. 考虑水风光互补与机会约束的电力系统源网荷协调扩展规划研究[J]. 电网与清洁能源, 2022, 38 (11): 134- 145.
	CAI Shaorong, SHEN Li, JIANG Li, et al. A Study on source-network-demand coordinated expansion planning of the power system considering hydro-wind-solar complementary and chance constraints[J]. Power System and Clean Energy, 2022, 38 (11): 134- 145.
29	李晖, 刘栋, 秦继朔, 等. 考虑风光出力不确定性的新能源基地直流外送随机规划方法研究[J]. 电网技术, 2024, 48 (7): 2795- 2803.
	LI Hui, LIU Dong, QIN Jishuo, et al. Stochastic planning method for UHVDC transmission of renewable energy power base considering wind and photovoltaic output uncertainties[J]. Power System Technology, 2024, 48 (7): 2795- 2803.
30	TENG F, TROVATO V, STRBAC G. Stochastic scheduling with inertia-dependent fast frequency response requirements[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2015, 31 (2): 1557- 1566.
31	YAN K, LI G, ZHANG R, et al. Frequency control and optimal operation of low-inertia power systems with HVDC and renewable energy: A review[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2023, 39 (2): 4279- 4295.
32	付小标, 崔健, 王长江, 等. 考虑新能源多场站短路比的暂态过电压风险评估[J]. 电力系统及其自动化学报, 2024, 36 (10): 79- 88.
	FU Xiaobiao, CUI Jian, WANG Changjiang, et al. Transient overvoltage risk assessment considering multiple renewable energy stations short circuit ratio[J]. Proceedings of the CSU-EPSA, 2024, 36 (10): 79- 88.
33	孙华东, 徐式蕴, 许涛, 等. 新能源多场站短路比定义及指标[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2021, 41 (2): 497- 506.
	SUN Huadong, XU Shiyun, XU Tao, et al. Definition and index of short circuit ratio for multiple renewable energy stations[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2021, 41 (2): 497- 506.

[1]	Xinyang ZHAO, Hongsen ZOU, Chen YANG, Yuqi LI, Botong LI, Siyuan LIU. Fault Type Recognition and Localization Method for Grounding Electrode Line Based on Modulus Backward Traveling Wave [J]. Electric Power, 2025, 58(2): 33-42.
[2]	LI Qinan, XIA Yongjun, ZHANG Xiaolin, SUN Baokui, SUN Huadong, ZHANG Fan, LI Lanfang, YANG Yuefeng, HAN Qingtao. Key Factors of Medium-High Frequency Oscillation in Chongqing-Hubei HVDC System and Suppression Strategies [J]. Electric Power, 2022, 55(7): 11-21.
[3]	TANG Yaohua, GUO Weimin, CUI Yang. Research on the Frequency Control Strategy of Hydro-Thermal Power Generating Units [J]. Electric Power, 2020, 53(6): 153-160,178.
[4]	CHENG Yijie, HE Tingting, SONG Xiaoning, FENG Likui, YU Zhiyong, GAO Bing, YANG Fan, YANG Qi. Analysis and Application of Grading Electrodes Deposition Model [J]. Electric Power, 2019, 52(9): 86-92.
[5]	LI Anqi, DENG Erping, REN Bin, ZHAO Yushan, ZHAO Zhibin, HUANG Yongzhang. Comparison of Clamping Force Distribution within Press-Pack IGBTs of Different Structures [J]. Electric Power, 2019, 52(9): 11-19,29.
[6]	RONG Fei, WANG Yazhou, RAO Hong, ZHOU Baorong, LI Hongxin, LI Wenjun. Relationship between the Power Loss of Modular Multilevel Converter and Transmission Voltage Level [J]. Electric Power, 2018, 51(12): 48-55.
[7]	FEI Zhangsheng, LU Honglin, HE Yongjun, GUI Yishu. Primary Frequency Regulation of Large Frequency-Difference in Supercritical/Ultra-Supercritical Units After UHVDC Transmission System Block Fault [J]. Electric Power, 2017, 50(8): 27-31.
[8]	ZHANG Chang, YANG Jianhua, SHUAI Hang, SHU Kang'an, AI Xiaomeng. Research on Ancillary Services Market Based on Inter-Regional Electricity Transactions in Central China Power Grid [J]. Electric Power, 2017, 50(11): 139-145.
[9]	LIU Long-long, MA Xiao-chun. A Novel Hybrid Control Strategy for VSC-MTDC Transmission System [J]. Electric Power, 2014, 47(8): 51-56.
[10]	QI Yang. The Coordination Control for SSO Restrain in Multi-HVDC Transmission System [J]. Electric Power, 2014, 47(4): 108-112.
[11]	CHEN Shi-long, CAO Rui-rui, BI Gui-hong, LI Xing-wang, RONG Jun-xiang. Identification of UHVDC Transmission Line Lightning Disturbance Based on Morphology [J]. Electric Power, 2014, 47(10): 40-46.
[12]	LI Yong-ming, LIU Ju-feng, Xu Lu-wen, Qin Hao-hao, Hu Yu-yao. Calculation and Analysis on Corona Onset Voltage of Double-Circuit UHVDC Overhead Transmission Lines [J]. Electric Power, 2014, 47(10): 30-35.
[13]	ZHANG Xian-wei, PENG Kai-jun. Study on Layout of AC Filter Switchyard of UHVDC Converter Station [J]. Electric Power, 2014, 47(10): 15-18.
[14]	ZHANG Yu-ming, YING Jie, CHANG Wei, ZHANG Mi, WANG Wei. Structural Design of Buildings and Structures on Converter Transformer Area of ±800 kV Converter Station in South Hami [J]. Electric Power, 2014, 47(10): 7-8.
[15]	LI Jing-hui, GONG You-jun, CHEN Bing. Study on Power Frequency Electromagnetic Impacts of AC Transmission Lines on Paralleling Erected VSC-HVDC Transmission Lines [J]. Electric Power, 2013, 46(9): 96-101.