生命周期视角下退役三元锂电池回收利用的减碳潜力评估

doi:10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202410041

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

电动汽车行业的高速发展为各国实现碳减排作出了巨大贡献，同时也产生了大量退役动力电池，如何妥善处理退役电池是提高资源利用效率、减少潜在碳排放的关键。基于生命周期评价方法，分析了退役电池在回收、拆解、梯次利用和再生利用等各个阶段的碳足迹，并在此视角下探讨了退役三元锂电池回收利用的减排路径优化。结果表明，退役三元锂电池的循环利用总体上具有正向的减排效益，湿法冶金工艺和火法冶金工艺下回收1 kW·h退役三元锂电池的碳足迹分别为–51.2 kg CO₂-eq及–30.1 kg CO₂-eq，其中湿法冶金工艺再生利用阶段的减排贡献最大，火法冶金工艺梯次利用减排贡献最大。相较于火法冶金工艺，湿法冶金工艺在减排效益方面更具优势，主要得益于其更高的材料回收率和更少的能源消耗。大力发展新能源优化电力结构，提高梯次利用比例与湿法回收应用，能有效提高退役三元锂电池循环利用减碳收益。

关键词: 退役三元锂电池, 碳足迹, 再生利用, 梯次利用, 生命周期评价

Abstract:

Proper disposal of of electric vehicles retired batteries is crucial for improving resource utilization efficiency and reducing potential carbon emissions. This study, based on the life cycle assessment method, analyzes the carbon footprint of retired batteries across various stages, including recycling, disassembly, cascade utilization and regeneration, and explores the optimization of recycling paths for retired ternary lithium batteries from this perspective. The results indicate that the overall recycling of retired ternary lithium batteries provides positive emission reduction benefits, with the carbon footprint of recycling 1 kW·h of retired NCM batteries being approximately –51.2 kg CO₂-eq and –30.1 kg CO₂-eq for hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical paths, respectively. The hydrometallurgical path shows the greatest emission reduction during the regeneration stage, while the pyrometallurgical path shows the greatest reduction during cascade utilization. Compared to the pyrometallurgical process, the hydrometallurgical process has greater emission reduction advantages due to its higher material recovery rates and lower energy consumption. Developing renewable energy to optimize the power structure, increasing the proportion of cascading utilization, and applying the hydrometallurgical recycling can effectively enhance the carbon reduction benefits of recycling retired NCM batteries.

Key words: retired NCM battery, carbon footprint, recycle, cascading utilization, life cycle assessment

邓香艳, 董信照, 丁旭, 吴主辉, 海宝, 白镇铭, 姚正, 钱子豪, 李建西. 生命周期视角下退役三元锂电池回收利用的减碳潜力评估[J]. 中国电力, 2025, 58(12): 190-198.

DENG Xiangyan, DONG Xinzhao, DING Xu, WU Zhuhui, HAI Bao, BAI Zhenming, YAO Zheng, QIAN Zihao, LI Jianxi. Carbon Reduction Potential Assessment of Recycling Retired NCM Batteries from a Life Cycle Perspective[J]. Electric Power, 2025, 58(12): 190-198.

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链接本文: https://www.electricpower.com.cn/CN/10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202410041

https://www.electricpower.com.cn/CN/Y2025/V58/I12/190

图/表 7

图 1 退役三元锂电池循环利用系统边界

Fig.1 System boundary for cyclic utilization of retired ternary lithium batteries

图 2 湿法及火法回收工艺流程

Fig.2 Flowchart of hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical recycling processes

图 3 退役三元锂电池循环利用碳足迹

Fig.3 Carbon footprint of cyclic utilization of retired ternary lithum batteries

图 4 退役三元电池循环利用碳足迹影响占比（50%梯次利用，50%湿法回收）

Fig.4 Sankey diagram of the carbon footprint impact contribution in cyclic utilization of retired ternary lithum batteries (50% cascade utilization, 50% hydrometallurgical recycling)

图 5 情景分析结果：电力结构优化调整

Fig.5 Scenario analysis results: power structure optimization adjustment

图 6 情景分析结果：梯次利用比例调整

Fig.6 Scenario analysis results: proportion adjustment of cascading utilization

图 7 不确定性分析结果

Fig.7 Uncertainty analysis results

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