Table of Content

25 September 2015, Volume 48 Issue 9

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Power Planning

The Addition-multiplication Rule of Smart Grid Development and Its Integration with Internet

ZHANG Wei, ZHANG Jun

2015, 48(9):  1-4.  DOI: 10.11930.2015.9.1

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China is experiencing a series of profound changes, and the internet is filtering into various industries and its role in the economic society is manifesting. In view of the development of economic society, the internal and external situation is analyzed and the addition-multiplication law is proposed for the smart grid development. An analytical framework of POSBM is presented for the integrated development of smart grid and internet and the its focal fields are analyzed.

Analysis of Non-fossil Energy Proportion Target in 2020 Based on Energy Consumption Statistics

CHENG Lu, ZHANG Yunzhou, XIN Songxu

2015, 48(9):  5-8.  DOI: 10.11930.2015.9.5

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Recently, the statistic data of China’s total energy consumption for 2014 were amended and adjusted. The proportion target of non-fossil energy is analyzed, which is aimed to increase to 15% in 2020 according to the energy consumption statistics. The research result shows that the adjustment of the energy consumption base may cause the total expected energy consumption to exceed 4.8 billion tons in 2020, which will make it difficult to realize the target of 15%. However, there are several feasible solutions. One solution is to increase the energy-saving ability for further decreasing the total energy consumption; The second solution is to expand the development of wind power, solar power, and construct trans-region transmission lines for transmitting new energy to improve the consumption ability. It is more effective to arrange the peak-load power stations in the power reception area to coordinate the new energy consumption.

Study on the Options of Wind Power Cross Regional Transmission Modes in China

XIN Songxu, BAI Jianhua

2015, 48(9):  9-13.  DOI: 10.11930.2015.9.9

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Large-scale wind power in north need to be transmitted to other regions in the future. Because of the different energy resource conditions in every region, proper cross regional transmission mode for wind power need to be studied for different areas. This paper studies on the working principles, operating features, technical and economic features of the two wind power transmission modes, the scales of wind power and thermal power of which are different from each other. It also brings out the application ranges of the two transmission modes in China. In order to put the two transmission modes into practice, some relevant measures are put forward at last.

Research on Trading Mechanism of West-to-east Power Transmisison for China Southern Power Grid

GUO Yan, KONG Liang, LIU Qing, ZHANG Huijuan, LV Shiseng, ZHANG Jian

2015, 48(9):  14-17.  DOI: 10.11930.2015.9.14

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West-to-east power transmisison is national strategic decision, and reasonable trading mechanism is important for economic balance and resource allocation optimization. Firstly, the current trading mechanism of west-to-east power transmisison is reviewed. The main existing problems are also summarized. Then, the trading mechanism of “13th five-year” west-to-east power transmisison is studied. On one hand, the current trading mechanism, based on the framework agreement between provincial governments, is improved and perfected by strengthening the guarantee mechanism of performing agreement and bringing in the trans-province generation rights trade. On the other hand, following the national strategic direction on deepening electric power system reform, trans-province direct trading between large users and power generation enterprises is gradually introduced using new transmission channels.

Research on the Electricity Demand for Energy-intensive Industries in Inner Mongolia under the Energy Conservation Background

LI Fuqiang, ZHAO Huiru, ZHAO Haoran, LI Nana, HU Yuou

2015, 48(9):  18-23.  DOI: 10.11930.2015.9.18

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To predict the future electricity demand of Inner Mongolia high energy consuming industries, the Solow model and cointegration theory are used to establish the long-term equilibrium model among the electricity demand of high energy consuming industries, its output, its share of the total output value of the whole society and the power consumption intensity. Additionally, the policy related to energy saving and emission reduction of the state and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region are also taken into consideration. The results showed that the electricity demand of Inner Mongolia high energy consuming industries will be8.06% annual growth rate during 2013-2020, in 2015 and 2020 the electricity consumption of high energy consuming industries will reach 2 016～2 134billion kW.h and 2 672～2 946 billion kw.h. If we can achieve the green and sustainable development of high energy consuming industries, Inner Mongolia should accelerate the elimination of backward production and attach importance to the exploitation and application of green technology.

Analysis and forecast of typical daily load characteristic of Guizhou Power Grid

TANG Xueyong, WAN Huijiang, YE Hangchao, LI Qingsheng, ZHONG Yilin

2015, 48(9):  24-30.  DOI: 10.11930.2015.9.24

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Load analysis and forecast is foundation of power market analysis. The statistics on related indices of Guizhou Power Grid history weekday and weekend load characteristics show that daily load rate has a strong positive correlation with minimum daily load rate but strong negative correlation with daily peak-valley ratio. The relationship between daily load rate and minimum daily load rate as well as daily peak-valley ratio is fitted by using linear, quadratic and cubic function. The historical data verification indicates that linear model fits best. The model is applied to load characteristic long-term forecasting of Guizhou province. The result is reasonable and can provide a reference for long-term load forecasting.

A Flow Based Two-stage Scheme on Distribution Network Planning with Distributed Generation

ZHANG Haoran, GU Jie, FANG Chen

2015, 48(9):  31-37.  DOI: 10.11930.2015.9.31

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Distribution network planning with distributed generation is discussed. A graph model is formulated to convert planning problem to a flow problem. A two-stage method is proposed to achieve multiple targets optimization including capacity and sizing of distributed generation, feeder and substation upgrade. In the first stage, a local search algorithm within the graph model is performed to get suboptimal solution by using minimum cost flow algorithm. In the second stage, genetic algorithm is applied to fine mathematic formulation for final result based on first stage result. The experimental result on a 33-node benchmark system shows that the proposed method can get better solution than traditional genetic algorithm in shorter time, which shows its feasibility and efficiency.

Generation Technology

ype Selection of Coal Storage for Coal-Fired Power Plants

WANG Meng

2015, 48(9):  38-42.  DOI: 10.11930.2015.9.38

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Two circular coal yards have been built in Laizhou Power Plant Phase I Project. However, in the operation of the coal yards, some problems exist such as unrealized first in first out of stored coal, difficulties in mixing various types of coal and the poor working environment. In this paper, three coal storage plans, i.e., the fully enclosed strip coal yard, the circular coal yard and the coal storage silo, are proposed and the technical and economic analysis on the three plans are conducted. The results indicate that the coal storage silo has the advantages of flexible and accurate coal mixing, small occupation space and full enclosure. Using the coal storage silo, first in first out of the coal will be realized, spontaneous combustion losses will be reduced, and workers will be protected from pulverized coal infringement. Therefore, it is recommended for the Phase II Project of the power plant.

Effects of Coal Calorific Value on Economical Efficiency of Coal-Fired Power Plants

WU Guochao

2015, 48(9):  43-48.  DOI: 10.11930.2015.9.43

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Coal with different calorific values will have different impacts on boiler efficiency, auxiliary power consumption rate, net coal consumption rate and environmental protection indicators. In order to enhance the economic performance of thermal power plants, the boilers of four units with the capacity ranging from 300 MW to 1 000 MW are tested burning the coal of different calorific values. The test results show that with the coal calorific value decreasing by every 0.42 MJ/kg, the boiler efficiency will drop by 0.10%~0.18%, while the auxiliary power consumption rate will increase by 0.05%~0.12% and the net coal consumption rate will also increase by 0.33~0.79 g/kW?h.

Properties and Microstructure Evolution of Domestic Super304H Steel during High Temperature Creep Rupture Testing

TIAN Xiao, QIN Chengpeng, XU Hui, LI Yimin, YANG Baixun, XIAO Guohua

2015, 48(9):  49-55.  DOI: 10.11930.2015.9.49

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In order to promote the popularization and application of domestically-made Super304H steel, the creep rupture specimens of the steel are analyzed by adopting Vickers hardness measurement, metallographic structure observation, transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscopy and energy spectrum analysis at the temperatures of 600 ℃, 650 ℃ and 700 ℃ respectively. The results show that the matrix structure of the steel is stable during high temperature creep without grain growth. Its hardness increase is related to the second phase precipitation in high temperature creep. ε-Cu, secondary Nb(C, N) and M23C6 are the main precipitated phases in the steel during high temperature creep, in which the tiny ε-Cu and secondary Nb(C, N) keep the steel at high strength levels. The microstructure aging characteristics of the steel show M23C6 gathering like chain on the grain boundary and size coarsening. After 10 000-h high temperature creep, the strengths and hardness of domestically-made Super304H steel are all maintained at high levels and with good microstructure.

Cause Analysis and Pollution Control on Oil Pump Outlet Strainer Blockage in EH Oil Supply System

WANG Xiaowei, DONG Ye, CHANG Zhijun, LIU Yongluo, WU Xiaorong, ZHU Minli

2015, 48(9):  56-60.  DOI: 10.11930.2015.9.56

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The outlet strainer of the main oil pump was blocked quite often resulting in the rise of the pressure difference between the front and back sides of the outlet strainer in the EH oil supply system, which may brings hidden troubles to the safety operation of the generator. In order to figure out how the blockage comes up, the pollutant components at the outlet strainer are analyzed by adopting SEM, FT-IR and X-Ray EDS combined with the total quality analysis of EH oil. The results show that the pollutants are made up of abrasive dust, filter felt of fire-resistant oil and other particulate impurities in the system. There are several effective ways to solve the problem such as reasonablely selecting the filter, improving the oil quality and enhancing the pollution control of the oil system. Meanwhile, some suggestions and recommendations are put forward to promote the development and enhancement of filtration technology in hydraulic systems.

Test Study on the Operation Characteristics of DN3400 Medium-Pressure Columnar Ion Exchangers

SUN Lizhong, WANG Hongmei

2015, 48(9):  61-66.  DOI: 10.11930.2015.9.61

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Using the DN3400mm columnar ion exchange equipment of medium pressure and extra large diameter saves the land space and investment, and extends the operation cycle. The first domestically-made large diameter DN3400mm cylindrical ion exchange equipment is proposed to be applied to the condensate polishing treatment system of Tianwan Nuclear Power Station. In order to ensure the safe use, three simulation tests of water distribution uniformity, resin output rate and separation rate of mixed resins are conducted before delivery. The results show that the equipment meets the requirements for the nuclear power generating units. Its success can be a reference for realizing the localization of large condensate purification ion exchangers with large dimensions and high parameters.

Power System

New Fault Location Method Based on Time Difference of Traveling Wave Mode-component in Distribution Network

LI Zewen, ZHOU Qingsong, ZENG Xiangjun, LONG Xi, PENG Hanchuan

2015, 48(9):  67-72.  DOI: 10.11930.2015.9.67

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In order to solve the grounding fault location problem of distribution network, a new fault location method for distribution network is presented, which is based on the analysis of transmission characteristics of zero mode component and aerial mode component of traveling wave in distribution network. Firstly, a wavelet transform is utilized to detect zero mode wave front. The relationship between zero-aerial mode component time difference and fault distance, and the relationship between zero-aerial mode component time difference and zero mode velocity are fitted according to the historical fault data. Then, according to the fitting curve, a fault-section detection method is proposed based on transmission time difference of zero-aerial mode component, and a accurate fault location method is researched based on double-ended zero mode components. Simulation results has proved the proposed method’s high accuracy in fault location and effectiveness in solving the grounding fault location problem of distribution network and it is expected to be implemented in real distribution network.

Precise Algorithms for Harmonic and Inter-Harmonic Detection based on Improved Window-Interpolated FFT Method

CHEN Zizhen, XIA Bingbing, YAN Weiwu

2015, 48(9):  73-79.  DOI: 10.11930.2015.9.73

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The wide use of nonlinear components in power system produces integer and non-integer harmonics in the electrical power system. The conventional harmonic measurement algorithm-Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) is suitable for harmonic analysis under synchronized sampling condition, but is not capable to analyze non-integer harmonics due to its leakage effect. The leakage of FFT algorithm is caused by the different characters between the theoretic implementation of the Fourier Transform which deals with infinite signals and the practical implementation of Fourier Transform which deals with finite signals. The differences give rise to the measurement errors of inter-harmonics of FFT algorithm. In order to overcome the leakage effect of FFT algorithm, a new desynchronized signal processing technique is proposed, which is based on poly-item cosine window(CW) interpolation. The general expression of parameter estimation by K-item cosine window is obtained. Generally, extensive simulation results are provided to verify the validity and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm based on rectangular window and hanning window, which reveals that the frequencies, amplitudes and phase angles of the harmonics and the inter-harmonics are accurately calculated, even under significant fundamental frequency deviations in the input signal by adopting hanning window interpolation. Moreover, the proposed technique is found to have overwhelming advantages in terms of the improved estimation accuracy and the reduced computational burden compared to the existing unsynchronized sampling techniques in literature.

The Research and Construction of High Precision Electrical Parameter Standard Groups

LI Bo, CAO Min, HE Yanping, YE Xiaoxue, ZOU Zhigang, HU Wanceng, XIAO Yuanqiang

2015, 48(9):  80-85.  DOI: 10.11930.2015.9.80

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A high precision set of electrical parameter standard system is introduced in AC power frequency measurement. The measurements include AC/DC voltage, AC/DC resistance and scaling transformation of AC voltage and current. The principle, structure, key techniques, workflow and system operation conditions are described in detail. Based on alternating current sampling technology, AC variables can be traced directly to fundamental measurements defined in proposed standard system. The practical operation shows the novelty and advantage of proposed system. It has important reference significance for ensuring reliability of AC measurement transmission, promoting reliability testing technology and method, and development of electrical measurement standard.

Research and Implementation of Virtual 3D Scene Modeling Method for Transmission Line

SUN Fengjie, LIU Huijuan, CHEN He

2015, 48(9):  86-89.  DOI: 10.11930.2015.9.86

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Transmission line stability has great influence on safe operation of the electric power system. The visual management of transmission line can help operators manage and monitor operation status efficiently, which helps to maintain safe and stable operation of transmission line. Virtual 3D scene modeling methods are introduced and evaluated in detail. Based on characteristics analysis, 3D scene of transmission line is designed and implemented. An optimization method based on virtual reality modeling language(VRML) is adopted; experimental results show that the optimization method can reduce data volume considerably. Combined with a third party programming language, the main interface of transmission line visual management system is established. The system has a good application prospect on transmission line safe operation management.

Structure Design and Test Analysis of Surge Arrester with Insulator Performance

LI Mengxing, WANG Haiyan, SONG Xinli, LIU Jian, ZHAO Lianzheng, HOU Ruifeng

2015, 48(9):  90-94.  DOI: 10.11930.2015.9.90

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In high voltage transmission line, insulators are usually placed in parallel with inline lightning arrester as lightning protection measures. This method can protect insulator from the overvoltage flashover when lightning. However, it tends to increase line load and equipment complexity. A new design of surge arrestor with insulator performance is proposed. The analysis and test is performed according to structural characteristics and test standard of both insulators and surge arresters. The test procedure and results are discussed in detail.

Operation Maintenance and Analysis of Merging Unit in 500 kV Smart Substation

FENG Zhengwei, WANG Mingfeng, HE Xiangwen

2015, 48(9):  95-99.  DOI: 10.11930.2015.9.95

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Merging unit is one of core equipment of process layer in smart substation. Therefore, merging unit operation stability and reliability is directly related to safe and stable operation of substation. Taken Wuning Station, the first 500 kV digital smart substation of the East China Power Grid, as example, two kinds of field configuration are compared. With practical operation and maintenance experience, the maintenance problems of merging units are discussed in detail, including synchronous sampling, 220 kV bus voltage switching, GOOSE and SV network combination and the work environment problems. Typical abnormal cases of merging units are then discussed in detail. Exception handling suggestions of merging units under different scenarios are proposed such as inconsistent dual A/D sampling, invalid sam-pling, communication disconnection. Those discussion provide reference to future operation and maintenance of merging units in smart substation.

Research on Grounding Material of AlCuRE Alloy

FU Min, YAN Fengjie, YONG Jun, LI Xingeng, YUE Zengwu, WANG Xuegang

2015, 48(9):  100-105.  DOI: 10.11930.2015.9.100

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Since Zinc is amphoteric and cannot resist corrosive attack at high pH values, the galvanized steels may suffer corrosion in alkaline soils. A novel aluminum alloy(Al-Cu alloy) with 4.5% mass copper and trace rare earth element is designed to substitute the galvanized steels in high pH value circumstance. The test results show that the corrosion resistances of aluminum alloy is 2.4 times of the galvanized steels. A 450 day’s in-service grounding resistance test has been carried out and the results show that Al-Cu alloy has lower grounding resistance than pure copper. Furthermore, according to the criteria of IEEE Std 837-2002, the sequential tests, which include the current-temperature cycling test, mechanical tests, freeze-thaw tests, salt spray (fog) test and fault-current tests, confirm that Al-Cu alloy can satisfy all requirements and standards of grounding material. Instead of the galvanized steel, the Al-Cu alloy is therefore expected to enhance the service time and reliability as the grounding material.

Study on TA Transient Saturation Identification based on the Improved Differential Method

XUE Jing, ZHANG Rui, CHEN hao

2015, 48(9):  106-112.  DOI: 10.11930.2015.9.106

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Current transient saturation leads to frequent incorrect actions of relay protection. Correct identification of transient saturation and extraction of unsaturated data segment is the key relay protection technology to prevent transient saturation effects. This paper studies the influence of TA transient saturation on the power system relaying and summarizes the existing current repressive measures in practice. The principle of the basic differential method for identifying TA transient saturation is analyzed. Based on the voltage module criterion and the additional criterion for identifying exiting saturation, the improved differential method is proposed, with which the timing of entering and exiting saturation can be identified accurately. Finally, the data from TA saturation experiment have verified the effectiveness of the improved differential method.

New Energy

Extraction and Analysis of Power System Key Variables Considering Power Fluctuation of Wind Farm Clusters

LIN Li, LI Dan, QI Jun, ZHANG Hongguang

2015, 48(9):  113-118.  DOI: 10.11930.2015.9.113

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Power fluctuation of wind farm clusters is having an increasingly significant influence on power system operation characteristics. In this paper, with certain principles, a key variable set defined on multi-dimensional space is determined to describe the influence of wind power fluctuation on power system. A new method which combines sensitivity analysis, PV analysis with dynamic simulation is proposed to extract the key variable set that can best reflect power system dynamic characteristics under wind power fluctuation. And then Inner Mongolia Grid is used as an example to apply the method, further, drift characteristics of the key variables under typical power fluctuation of wind farm clusters are analyzed. The comparison of the drift characteristics between the key variables and the non-key variables verifies the feasibility and validity of the method.

he Research on the Equivalence of Non-uniform Illumination Intensity

MENG Zhaojun, XU Xiaotong, WU Feng, WANG Haichao

2015, 48(9):  119-127.  DOI: 10.11930.2015.9.119

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The performance of photovoltaic cell is affected by various factors including temperature, illumination intensity and shading. In practical applications, the PV arrays often get shadowed completely or partially by external factors. Under partially shaded conditions, the PV characteristics get more complex which will affect maximum output power. Therefore, it is very important to analyze the impacts of non-uniform illumination intensity on the output characteristics of PV array. Based on research of non-uniform illumination intensity, this paper proposes a method to convert non-uniform illumination intensity to equivalent uniform input illumination intensity. This method can make the input illumination intensity relatively easy to quantify and compare, which has good potential for engineering applications.

Research on Reactive Power Coordinated Control of DFIG Wind Farm and D-STATCOM

LI Hui, FENG Xiang

2015, 48(9):  128-133.  DOI: 10.11930.2015.9.128

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This paper proposes a coordinated reactive power control strategy of D-STATCOM and DFIG wind farm. The strategy considers reactive power limitation of DFIG wind farm and reactive power compensation characteristics of D-STATCOM. Combining with rapid compensation ability of D-STATCOM, the proposed strategy distributes reactive power demand between DFIG and D-STATCOM reasonably. The aim of control strategy is to satisfy reactive power demand at point of common coupling rapidly and accurately. The simulation result illustrates that the proposed control strategy can realize reactive power compensation under wind speed fluctuation, power factor correction and voltage stabilization of point of common coupling on power electric system.

Cause Study on Cascading Trip-off Accident in Wind Farm Cluster

CHAI Haidi, ZHAO Xiaoyan, WEI Chao, ZHANG Zhengzheng

2015, 48(9):  134-139.  DOI: 10.11930.2015.9.134

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Cascading wind turbine trip-off accidents occurred frequently in north China recently. A detailed analysis is performed on one typical case happened in practical centralized wind farm to reveal the accident reason and evolution process. The four major impacting factors during the accident, namely network structure, equipment characteristics, operation mode and reactive voltage control, are analyzed systematically. The analysis results, along with corresponding countermeasures, provide suggestions for future wind farm cluster practice.

Thermal Analysis on Void Cavity of Heat Pipe Receiver in Advanced Solar Dynamic System

SONG Xiange

2015, 48(9):  140-145.  DOI: 10.11930.2015.9.140

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Unit heat pipe receiver in advanced solar dynamic system is numerically simulated. With the proposed mathematical model and calculation method, numerical simulation results are compared with experimental data. The temperature field of PCM(phase change material) is calculated and thermal performance of heat pipe receiver is analyzed. Analysis results show that the axial and radial temperature difference of heat pipe are small; the thermal performance of heat pipe receiver is stable and reliable. The existence of void cavity has significant influence on phase change process, which leads to higher temperature gradient of PCM zone when void cavity presents.

Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection

Synergistic Control Technology for Ultra-Low PM Emission from Coal-Fired Power Plants and Its Application

CHEN Mu, HU Yuqing, GUI Ben

2015, 48(9):  146-151.  DOI: 10.11930.2015.9.146

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In order to realize ultra-low dust emission from coal-fired power plants, a flue gas synergistic control system is presented and the analysis on the mechanism and characteristics of the system is conducted. The paper focuses on the synergistic control results of dust emissions less than 5 mg/m3 or 10 mg/m3 without wet electric-static precipitators(WESPs). Based on the analysis, the technical allocation plan is recommended for current synergistic control applications. The results can provide reference for the designing and upgrading of coal-fired power plants in the current stage.

Study on SO3 Generation, Control and Testing Technology for Coal-fired Power Plants

LIU Hanxiao, YAO Yuping, LI Jianguo, SHEN Zhiang, ZHU Shaoping, HE Yuzhong, CHEN Zhaomei

2015, 48(9):  152-156.  DOI: 10.11930.2015.9.152

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SO3 is a kind of harmful coal pollution gas. In this paper, the production and conversion mechanism of SO3 in the flue gas are studied and the SO3 control technology is also analyzed for the SO3 generation processes before, during and after combustion. Based on the study, a kind of SO3 control technology route with low temperature ESP as the core is proposed. In addition, through the analysis on the domestic and foreign SO3 testing standards and technologies, the SO3 testing method for this route is discussed, and some preliminary achievements are made, which can provide reference for related technical researches and policy making.

Cause Analysis on Slurry Foaming in Wet Limestone-Gypsum Flue Gas Desulfurization System

JIA Xibu, JIN Wanyuan, LI Xinghua, ZHAO Caihong

2015, 48(9):  157-160.  DOI: 10.11930.2015.9.157

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Slurry overflow happens from time to time due to slurry foaming in the absorber of the limestone-gypsum wet desulfurization system, which may endanger the operation of the flue gas desulfurization system (FGD). To find out the foaming causes, the composition and electrical microscope analysis on some FGD slurry and foaming samples is conducted from the aspect of foaming mechanism for different power plants. The results show that the FGD flue gas dust concentration, limestone and process water qualities all will promote slurry foaming, but the severity effects may vary in different plants. To eliminate or alleviate the foaming overflow problem, power plants should first prevent the overflowing liquid from going back to the absorber and then take corresponding measures according to their own situation.