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基于主从博弈的电动汽车聚合商V2G激励策略

V2G incentive strategy for electric vehicle aggregators based on Stackelberg game

  • 摘要: 随着电动汽车规模化接入电网,如何通过合理激励机制引导用户参与车网互动成为亟待解决的问题。针对现有研究中激励形式相对单一、用户响应行为刻画不足及电价波动适应性分析不充分等问题,构建电动汽车聚合商与用户之间的主从博弈模型,设计固定补贴、动态补贴和充电费用折扣3种车网互动(vehicle-to-grid,V2G)激励机制。上层模型以电动汽车聚合商(electric vehicle aggregator,EVA)收益最大化为目标制定激励策略,下层模型以电动汽车(electric vehicle,EV)用户成本最小化为目标优化充放电决策,并引入基于放电深度的电池损耗成本,以刻画EV参与V2G的资产损耗影响。采用灰狼优化算法进行求解。算例结果表明,3种机制均能有效降低系统峰谷差,较无序充电分别降低37.23%、35.00%和35.70%。其中,固定补贴机制更有利于提升EVA收益,动态补贴机制更有利于降低用户成本,充电费用折扣机制对用户放电响应的诱导作用更强。电价敏感性和算法对比结果进一步验证了所提策略的适应性与求解有效性。

     

    Abstract: With the large-scale integration of electric vehicles into the power grid, how to guide users to participate in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) interaction through reasonable incentive mechanisms has become an urgent problem to be solved. To address the limitations in existing studies, including relatively single incentive forms, insufficient characterization of user response behaviors, and inadequate analysis of adaptability to electricity price fluctuations, this paper constructs a stackelberg game model between the electric vehicle aggregator (EVA) and EV users, and designs three V2G incentive mechanisms, namely fixed subsidy, dynamic subsidy, and charging fee discount. In the upper-level model, the EVA formulates incentive strategies with the objective of maximizing its profit. In the lower-level model, EV users optimize their charging and discharging decisions with the objective of minimizing user costs. The depth-of-discharge-based battery degradation cost is introduced to characterize the asset loss caused by EV participation in V2G. The proposed model is solved using the grey wolf optimization algorithm. Case study results show that all three mechanisms can effectively reduce the system peak-valley difference, with reductions of 37.23%, 35.00%, and 35.70%, respectively, compared with uncoordinated charging. Among them, the fixed-subsidy mechanism is more effective in improving EVA profit, the dynamic-subsidy mechanism performs better in reducing user costs; and the charging-fee-discount mechanism provides stronger inducing effect on user's discharging response. The electricity price sensitivity analysis and algorithm comparison further verify the adaptability and solution effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

     

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