考虑安全性风险的电热氢系统优化配置方法

doi:10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202311031

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

电热氢系统作为一种高效的综合能源供用系统受到广泛关注。然而，氢气的燃爆特性导致了其面临着安全性挑战。为此，提出了考虑安全性风险的电热氢系统优化配置方法。首先，分析电热氢系统的安全性，对电解槽和燃料电池的工作范围和工作温度进行约束；然后，基于氢气的非理想气体压强公式对储氢罐压强进行更为准确地约束，并基于TNT当量法量化了储氢罐的安全性风险；最后，通过安全风险系数，将储氢罐的安全风险折算进目标函数中，建立了以系统投资成本、运行成本和安全性风险为优化目标的电热氢系统优化配置模型，并利用禁忌混沌量子粒子群算法进行求解。算例结果表明，在考虑安全性风险的情况下，通过合理的容量设计，可以在提高系统经济性的同时有效降低系统安全风险，进而验证了该优化设计方法的有效性。

关键词: 电热氢系统, 氢气爆炸极限约束, 储氢罐安全性, 风险量化, 禁忌混沌量子粒子群算法

Abstract:

The electric-thermo-hydrogen system (ETHS), a highly efficient and integrated energy supply system, has attracted widespread attentions. However, the explosive characteristics of hydrogen poses unique safety challenges. To ensure the safe and economical operation of ETHS, this paper proposes an optimal configuration method considering safety risks. Firstly, the safety of the ETHS is analyzed, and the working range and temperature of the electrolysis cells and fuel cell are constrained. Then, the pressure of the hydrogen storage tank is more accurately constrained using the non-ideal gas pressure formula of hydrogen, and the safety risk of the hydrogen storage tank is quantified using the TNT equivalent method. Furthermore, the safety risk coefficient is used to convert the safety risk of the hydrogen storage tank into the objective function. The optimal configuration model of the ETHS is then established with the system investment cost, operation cost, and safety risk as optimization objectives, and the tabu chaotic quantum particle swarm optimization (TCQPSO) algorithm is employed to solve the model. The case study results demonstrate that with consideration of safety risks, the economy of the system can be improved through reasonable capacity design while effectively reducing system safety risks, which verifies the effectiveness of the optimization design method proposed in this paper.

Key words: electric-thermo hydrogen system, hydrogen explosion limit constraint, safety of hydrogen storage tank, risk quantification, tabu chaotic quantum particle swarm optimization algorithm

倪筹帷, 陈杨, 张雪松, 林达, 杜凯健, 陈健. 考虑安全性风险的电热氢系统优化配置方法[J]. 中国电力, 2024, 57(9): 124-135.

Chouwei NI, Yang CHEN, Xuesong ZHANG, Da LIN, Kaijian DU, Jian CHEN. Optimal Configuration Method for Electric-thermo-hydrogen System Considering Safety Risks[J]. Electric Power, 2024, 57(9): 124-135.

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链接本文: https://www.electricpower.com.cn/CN/10.11930/j.issn.1004-9649.202311031

https://www.electricpower.com.cn/CN/Y2024/V57/I9/124

图/表 16

图 1 电热氢系统示意

Fig.1 Structure of electro-thermal-hydrogen system

图 2 系统优化设计模型的求解流程

Fig.2 The process of solving the system optimization design model

表 1 分时电价

Table 1 Time-of-use price

时段		价格/(元·(kW·h)^–1)
00:00—06:00、23:00—24:00		0.45
07:00—11:00、18:00—22:00		1.21
12:00—17:00		0.73

表 2 多类型电解槽参数

Table 2 Multi-type electrolytic cell parameters

设备参数	AEC	PEMEC
制氢效率	0.65	0.70
温度下限/℃	60	50
温度上限/℃	95	80
启停成本/元	10/1	8/1
出力下限/%	25	5
出力上限/%	100	100
爬坡上限/(%·h^–1)	50	95
开机次数上限	1	2
关机次数上限	1	2
启动延时/h	1	0

表 3 设备容量配置参数

Table 3 Equipment capacity configuration parameters

设备	投资成本	容量上限	容量下限	年限/年
AEC	2400元/kW	3 MW	1 MW	10
PEMEC	4000元/kW	3 MW	1 MW	8
氢燃料电池	4200元/kW	3 MW	1 MW	5
电锅炉	1260元/kW	3 MW	0 MW	15
蓄电池	1071元/kW	3 MW	0 MW	10
储热罐	56元/kW	10 MW	1 MW	25
储氢罐	6500元/kg	1000 kg	100 kg	35

图 3 典型日曲线

Fig.3 Typical daily curves

图 4 不同案例迭代求解结果对比

Fig.4 Comparison of iterative solution results of different cases

表 4 不同案例设备容量配置结果对比

Table 4 Comparison of equipment capacity configuration results in different cases

设备	经济性最优方案	安全性最优方案	综合最优方案
AEC/MW	3	3	3
PEMEC/MW	1	1	1
氢燃料电池/MW	0.5	1.5	0.5
储热罐/MW	10	10	10
蓄电池/MW	0.5	1	1.5
储氢罐/kg	500	700	700
电锅炉/MW	1.5	1.5	1.5

图 5 不同配置方案成本对比

Fig.5 Cost comparison of different configuration schemes

图 6 不同配置方案压强变化对比

Fig.6 Comparison of pressure changes with different configurations

表 5 不同配置方案安全性指标对比

Table 5 Comparison of safety indexes with different configuration schemes

评价指标	经济性最优方案	安全性最优方案	综合最优方案
平均最大危险距离/m	17.2	19.5	19.5
平均危险距离/m	16.9	18.9	19.0
平均压强/MPa	37.9	35.8	36.2
压强平均越限时段数	36.5	11.0	12.0
距离平均越限时段数	0.0	0.5	0.5
两者平均越限时段数	0.0	0.5	0.5

图 7 不同风险系数下压强变化对比

Fig.7 Comparison of pressure changes with different risk coefficients

表 6 不同安全风险系数下各项指标对比

Table 6 Comparison of various indicators with different safety risk coefficients

安全风险系数	运行成本/元	平均危险距离/m	最大压强/MPa	平均压强/MPa	压强超标时段数	距离超标时段数
0	–10651.2	19.0	39.6	36.2	12.0	0.5
5	–10651.6	18.8	37.2	35.3	2.5	0
10	–10647.8	18.8	36.8	35.2	1.5	0
15	–10648.2	18.8	37.1	35.2	1.5	0
20	–10648.6	18.8	36.9	35.2	1.5	0
25	–10648.6	18.8	36.9	35.2	1.5	0

图 8 电功率平衡

Fig.8 Electric power balance

图 9 热功率平衡

Fig.9 Thermal power balance

图 10 氢气质量平衡

Fig.10 Hydrogen mass balance

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